Kukosha uye kugoverwa kwekurima pear muSpain
Chikamu chikuru chekurima pear chiri muCatalonia neAragon, kunyanya muEbro Valley., uko mamiriro ekunze uye hunhu hwevhu hunofarira kuvandudzwa kwemiti yemapeya. Nekudaro, kurimwa kwepear kuri kupararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeSpain nekuda kweiyi muti wemichero kuita zvakasiyana uye kuchinjika kune akasiyana mamiriro.
Mapeari anonyanya kufarirwa, ari pakati pemichero inonyanya kudyiwa pamwe nemaorenji, mabhanana nemaapuro. Muti wepeya unomira pachena nekuda kwekureruka kwekurima uye kugona kwayo kugadzirisa zvose mumapindu epamba uye mumabasa makuru ekurima.
MuchiSpanish cuisine, peya inoita basa rakakosha. Inoshandiswa mumidziyo yechinyakare, yakadai semapeya muwaini, mumagocha, mumakeke, uye mukugadzira compotes nejamu. kupa hutsva uye kutapira mune zvakawanda zvekugadzirira zvekugadzirira.
Mhando huru dzemiti yemapeya uye hunhu hwemichero yavo
Pear tree (Pyrus spp.) zvipo yakakura zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichiita kuti ienderane nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana uye ivhu. Pakati pe mhando dzakawanda dzepear tinowana:
- white
- musangano
- Ndimu
- Ercolina
- Pear yeRoma
- Williams
- Passacrassana
- San Juan Pear (diki)
Mhando idzi dzinosiyaniswa nehukuru, magadzirirwo uye kunaka kwezvibereko zvadzo., pamwe chete nenguva yekukohwa nekukwanisa kwayo kuchengetedza mushure mekukohwa.
Mukuwedzera, kune miti yemapeya yemusango avo zvibereko zvinowanzova zviduku uye zvakashata, zvakasiyana nemhando dzakasarudzwa kuti dzishandiswe nevanhu, izvo zvinomiririra juiciness uye kutapira.
Tsanangudzo yeBotanical uye morphology yepeya muti
Muti wepeya ndewemhuri rosaceae, kugoverana zvakafanana nemaruva nemimwe miti yemichero yemupome. Iwo makuru morphological maitiro anosanganisira:
- Hunde: Yakatwasuka uye yakasimba, ine grey, makwati akatsemuka mumienzaniso yenguva refu, inogona kusvika kusvika 50 cm muhupamhi kutsigira anorema ekutanga matavi.
- midzi system: Pivotal, ine midzi yakadzika yehuni uye kuwedzera kwepamusoro kunowanzoita kaviri dhayamita yekorona.
- Mashizha: Deciduous, alternate, oval, ine serrated edges. Dzinoyera kusvika 10 cm uye dzine glossy, rima rakasvibirira kumusoro uye pasi rakareruka.
- Flores: Hermaphroditic, chena kana kuti pingi zvishoma, uye nekunhuhwirira kusingafadzi, vanoiswa mumapoka (corymbs) emaruva mashanu kusvika ku5 kumagumo ematavi. Dzinobudisa nekita shoma, iyo inoderedza kuvapo kwezvipembenene zvinotakura.
- Chibereko: Pome yemhando yakasiyana-siyana (yakareba, pear-shaped, oval, kana globular), yakasvibirira kusvika kune yero muvara, ine ganda rakawanda kana rakaderera zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana. Nzvimbo inonyanyovhenekwa nezuva inogona kunge iine "ndiro" kana ruvara rwakasiyana. Nyama yakachena, ine muto ine mvura yakawanda uye shuga. Saizi uye chimiro zvinoenderana nemhando yakakura.
- MbeuDiki, ine chifukidziro chakasviba, chinopenya. Kudyara kwakadzika (3 cm kudzika) uye kuratidzwa kwezuva kwakanaka kunobatsira kumera, kunyangwe mumapoto epamba kana magreenhouse.
Zvinodiwa uye mamiriro ekurimwa kwemuti wepear
Mamiriro ekunze uye nzvimbo
Muti wepear unofarira nzvimbo dzakadzikama uye dzinotonhorera, isingashiviriri chero chando chakanyanya kana kupisa kwakanyanya. Altitudes pakati pe600 ne1000 metres ndiyo yakakwana, sezvo ichibvumira kuunganidzwa kwemaawa ekutonhora kwechando (kupfuura maawa mazana manomwe, kunyangwe ichi chinodiwa chichisiyana zvichienderana nekusiyana).
Kushaikwa kwechando munguva yechando kunogona kukonzera buds kutadza kuvhurika zvakanaka uye kuderedza kugadzirwa kwemichero, nepo kunonoka kwechando kunogona kukanganisa maruva nemichero midiki. Kuve nezuva kwakanaka uye nzvimbo ine mhepo inofefetera asi yakachengetedzwa zvinhu zvakakosha zvekurima zvinobudirira.
Munzvimbo dzisina mvura, miti yemapeya inokura chete kana mvura inonaya pagore ikadarika 600 mm. Kana zvisina kudaro, kudiridza kwekuwedzera kunodiwa, kunyanya kune marudzi anonoka-kukura.
pasi mamiriro
Muti wepear unokwanisa kuenderana nevhu rine mwero compact, kunyanya kana iri nyowani, yakadzika uye yakanatswa. (zvishoma 50-80 cm kudzika). Zvisinei, ivhu rine calcium yakawandisa rinogona kukonzera chlorosis, kunyanya kana muti wacho wakabatanidzwa pamuti wequince, sezvo mudzi uyu unonyanya kunetseka kune limestone inoshanda.
Kushivirira kweLimestone kunosiyana zvichienderana nemhando yekubatanidza: loamy rootstocks inoshivirira yakakwira mazinga e calcium kana ichienzaniswa nequince. Chimwe chinomisa chinhu ndeye munyu: Muti wepear unonyatsonzwa uye hausi kubudirira muvhu kana mvura ine zvinopfuura 0,5 g / l yemunyu wakanyungudutswa.
Pear miti yekudyara uye nzira dzekumisa
Pear miti inodyarwa zvakanyanya muchirimo, apo ivhu rinoshanda uye tembiricha inofarira midzi. Nzvimbo yakafara inofanira kusarudzwa, ichisiya angangoita 6 metres pakati pemuti wepeya uye chero mamwe makuru makuru kana miti.
Gomba rekudyara rinofanira kunge rakadzika uye rakafara, rakafumiswa neorganic matter kuti rivandudze chimiro chevhu uye kuona kuti muti unogamuchira chikafu chaunoda mumatanho ekutanga ekukura.
Muti wepear unogona kukura zvakasununguka kana pane trellis, zvichiita kuti hurongwa hwekudzidzira hugadziriswe kune unhu hwenzvimbo iripo uye zvido zvemurimi.
Main pear tree care: kudiridza, kufutisa uye kuchekerera
Kudiridza kwakakosha mugore rekutanga mushure mekudyara., kuve nechokwadi kuti shrub inokura yakasimba uye yakakura midzi midzi. Kudiridza kunozogadziriswa maererano nekunaya kwemvura uye kukura kwemuti, nguva dzose kudzivisa kudonha kwemvura.
La kusanganisa Inokurudzirwa kutanga mugore rechipiri, nemashandisirwo matatu epagore (chirimo, zhizha, uye kudonha) uchishandisa mafetireza akaenzana akagadzirirwa miti yemichero. Zvakakosha kuongorora ivhu kuti ripe kudya kwakakosha senge magnesium kana iron kana paine kushomeka.
Pakati pezvigadzirwa zvinokurudzirwa ndezvi:
- NPK 10-10-10 yakaoma fetiraiza nokuda kwekukura kwakasimba uye budiriro yakanaka chose.
- Kuwedzera ne humic acids uye chelated iron kune ivhu risina iron kana kuti rine pH yakakwira, kunatsiridza chimiro chevhu uye kutorwa kwechikafu.
- Magnesium correctors kudzivirira uye kugadzirisa kusakwana, kunyanya munguva dzekuda kukuru kubva pamuti.
- Fetereza yakakwana seNitrofoska Special 12-12-17 ine micronutrients yakagadziridzwa kune zvinodiwa pear miti nemimwe miti yemichero.
La kuchekerera Izvi zvinofanira kuitwa gore negore kukurudzira kufefeterwa kwemhepo, kupinza chiedza, uye kuenzana pakati pekukura kwezvinomera nekugadzirwa kwemichero. Mapazi akaoma, akakuvadzwa, kana kuti asina kurongeka anobviswa, uye nhungirwa dzinobereka dzinovandudzwa, kunyanya panguva yekurara.
Zvipembenene, zvirwere uye kudzivirira mumiti yemapeya
Pear miti, semimwe miti yemichero, inotapukirwa nezvipembenene uye zvirwere zvinogona kukanganisa kugadzirwa kwavo uye hupenyu hurefu. Pakati pezvinetso zvinowanzoitika ndezvi:
- Moto Blight (Erwinia amylovora): Zvinokonzera kusvava nekukasika kwemashizha nematavi. Kudzivirira kunoda kuchekerera nzvimbo dzakakanganisika uye kushandisa zvakabvumidzwa phytosanitary zvigadzirwa.
- Cercospora uye pear mottling: Fungi dzinokonzera makwapa pamashizha nemichero. Zvakakosha kuchengetedza mhepo yakanaka uye kushandisa mishonga yekudzivirira fungicide.
- Aphid uye pear psylla: Kusveta zvipembenene zvinokanganisa mashizha uye zvinogona kutapurira zvirwere zvehutachiona. Kudzora kunobva pakutarisisa uye kurapwa kwakabatanidzwa.
- Codling moth (pear worm): Mhungu inodya pamichero yemichero, ichikuvadza. Pheromone misungo uye mishonga chaiyo inoshandiswa panguva yakakodzera.
A key strategy is nguva dzose kutarisa kwemuti, zvichibvumira kukuvadzwa kwekare kuti zvionekwe uye marapiro akakodzera ashandiswe, nguva dzose achitevera mirairo yemugadziri uye kukoshesa nzira dzinochengetedza zvakatipoteredza.
Kukohwa, kuibva uye mwaka wekuchengetedza mapeya
Kukohwa pear kunoenderana zvakanyanya nemhando dzakasiyana:
- Mhando dzezhizha: Kufanana naBlanquilla, Ercolini, Limonera naWilliam, vanokohwewa muzhizha uye vanofanirwa kudyiwa munguva pfupi, kunze kweBlanquilla, iyo ine hukuru hukuru hwekuchengetera kutonhora.
- Autumn-yechando marudziMusangano uye Raisin zvinokohwewa pakati pezhizha uye zvinogona kuchengetwa zvakanaka kwemwedzi yakati wandei pasi pehunyoro hunodzorwa uye tembiricha.
Mumwaka wokukohwa, zvakajairika kuona vamwe kudonha kwezvibereko nguva isati yakwana, yakawedzerwa nokushomeka kweboron, magnesium, mvura, kana kuti nitrogen yakawandisa. Naphthaleneacetic acid dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa munzvimbo yakaderera kuderedza kudonha uye kuona goho repamusoro pakukohwa.
Mapeari ezhizha anotorwa paanotanga kushandura ruvara uye anodonha nyore kubva pamuti, achipedzisa kuibva mumidziyo yemichero inofefetera. Matsutso uye mapeya echando, kune rumwe rutivi, anokohwewa achiri asina kuibva, kana angosvika pakukura kwawo, sezvo kuchengetwa kwenguva refu kunovandudza kunaka kwavo uye magadzirirwo.
Kutenderera kwekugadzira: kubva pamaruva kusvika kune fruiting
El Pear miti inowanzotanga kubereka pakati pemakore matatu ne3 mushure mekudyara.Hupenyu hwayo hunobudirira hunogona kusvika makore makumi matatu nemashanu kusvika makumi mana, zvichienderana nekutarisirwa kwakagamuchirwa uye mamiriro ekunze.
- Bloom: Inoitika mukupera kwechando kana kutanga kwechirimo, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze uye zvakasiyana-siyana. Iyo yakanyanya tembiricha yekutumbuka inosvika 10 ° C, uye kutanga kwayo kunogona kunonoka kana kukwidziridzwa zvichienderana nekusiyana kwekuchinja.
- Maturation: Kuibva kwemichero kunogona kuwedzera kwemwedzi inoverengeka, kupera muzhizha kana matsutso, zvichienderana nemhando.
- Fructification: Pear miti inobereka michero kunyanya pamapuranga ane makore maviri kusvika mana. Nzira dzekudzidzisa dzinokanganisa huwandu uye hutano hwemichero yakagadzirwa.
Munguva yekugadzira kutenderera, zvakakosha tarisa kukura kwebud uye kuumbwa kwemichero, kuve nechokwadi chekudya kwakakwana uye kudiridza pamatanho ese.
Mhando dzisina mhodzi pear uye maitiro ekugadzira
Zvinokwanisika kuwana isina mhodzi (parthenocarpic) pears, chiitiko chinofarirwa nekusapindirana kwemamwe marudzi kana kufa kwemwana ari mudumbu. Mamwe emhando idzi anoti Conference, Raisin Crasana, naWilliams.
Kugadzirwa kwemapeya asina mhodzi kunogona kukonzereswa nekuisa gibberellic acid kune marudzi anotapukira, ayo anoyevedza kutengeserana nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo uye nyore kushandisa. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve akanakisa maitiro, ona gwara redu pa nzira yekurapa pear muti unorwara.
Mazano anoshanda ekurima pear mudzimba
Muti wepear unogona kukura zvose kudyara mbeu as through kutorwa kwembesaKudyara kunobvumira kusarudzwa kwakasiyana-siyana uye kuedza nekugadzirisa kwemunharaunda, kunyange zvazvo nguva yezvibereko yakareba. Mbeu dzakabatanidzwa dzinowanzopinda mukugadzirwa nekukurumidza uye dzinovimbisa kunaka kwemhando yakasarudzwa.
Mukudyara kwemusha, pear miti inogonawo kukura muhari kana nzvimbo duku, chero bedzi nzvimbo yemidzi, chiedza, uye kudiridza kwakakwana kunosangana. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekukumedza kwakanaka, funga kudyara marudzi ekuzvisarudzira kana miti inopfuura imwe inowirirana.
Muti wepear mutsika uye gastronomy
Pears inotora nzvimbo yakakurumbira mu chikafu chechinyakare uye chemazuva ano, inowanika muzvokudya zvakakurumbira zvakadai semapeya muwaini nemakeke esiponji, uyewo mundiro dzinonaka dzine nyama kana chizi. Pear compotes uye jamu dzinokosheswa nekunaka kwavo uye nyore kwekugadzirira uye kuchengetedza.
Kudya muchero uyu uri mutsva ndiyo nzira huru yekunakidzwa nayo, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana kunobvumira kuti ibatanidzwe nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, inotapira uye inonaka.
Kukura nekuchengetedza muti wepear mumunda wemichero kana gadheni chiitiko chine mubairo kune chero amateur kana nyanzvi, nekuda kwe Kuramba kwavo, hurefu hwesherufu uye kugutsikana kwekunakidzwa nemapeya matsva, ane muto akakohwewa pakakwirira.Neruzivo rwakakwana rwemhando, zvinodiwa, uye kutarisirwa, unogona kunakidzwa nemakumi emakore egoho rakawanda uye kunaka kwemuti uyu wemichero.
