Hazelnut: mavambo, kukosha uye maitiro
El hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) igwenzi kana kuti muti unomira pakati pezvirimwa zvenzungu une nhoroondo yakarebesa uye fungidziro. Native kudunhu riri pakati peIran, Iraq neTurkey, kuoma kwayo uye kuchinjika kwakabvumira kuti ipararire muEurope yose, zvakajairika kuiwana pazvikomo, materu, migwagwa nemabhanga ehova. Kukosha kwekudya kwe michero yawo, hazelnuts, zvichiita kuti ive chirimwa chezvose zvekutengesa uye zvekushongedza kufarira, nekuda kwekuoma kwayo uye kushandiswa kwakawanda. Hazelnuts anga aine vanhu kubva prehistoric nguva, kare zvisati zvaitika zvimwe zvirimwa zvakaita semiorivhi nemazambiringa.
Munyika dzakawanda, uye kunyanya munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kweEurope, hazel yakashandiswa pamawere uye pamawere, zvichibatsira mukuchengetedzwa kwevhu uye kubvumira imwe nzira yekuwana mari munzvimbo dzine mimwe miti yemichero isinganyanyi kubudirira.
Mamiriro ekunze uye tembiricha yakakwana yehazelnuts
Hazelnuts inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana, kunyangwe zvakakosha kufunga nezvehunhu hwemhando imwe neimwe. Inoda kudziya kwepakati pegore negore tembiricha, iri pakati pe12 ne16°C, uye inokwanisa kutsungirira kudzika kwechando kuri pedyo -8°C. Chinodiwa chakakosha kuita maawa angangoita 700 echando chiri pasi pe7°C kuti uve nechokwadi chekutungira nekutumbuka kwakakodzera.
La kunzwa kune tembiricha yakakwira Inonyanya kuoneka mumumvuri pamusoro pe30 ° C, iyo inogona kukonzera kushungurudzika muzhizha uye inokanganisa zvose kukura kwemichero uye goho rose. Miti yehazelnut inofarira nzvimbo dzinotonhorera, dzinofefeterwa zvakanaka dzine humwe hunyoro hwehunyoro.
Kuti optimize pollination, zvinokurudzirwa mhepo dzakapfava, dzakaoma mumwedzi waNdira naKukadzi. Pane rimwe divi, dutu rematsutso Dzinogona kukanganisa goho nekukonzera kuondomoka kwevhu uye kuyerera kwemvura. Kukura kwemichero kunonyanya kushanda kubva muna Chivabvu kusvika Chikumi, nepo zviyo zvinokura zvakanyanya muna Chikunguru naNyamavhuvhu, nguva dzekushaikwa kwemvura kunogona kudzikamisa kugadzirwa.
Muti wehazel unoshivirira chando mukutumbuka kana kutonhora kusingaite, asi unotapurirana kunonoka kwechando muchirimo izvo zvinogona kuderedza kuwanda kwemabuds uye kukanganisa kumera. Nokudaro, zviri nani kudyara munzvimbo dzisina njodzi yechando chakanyanya panguva ino.
Hunhu hwevhu rakakodzera rekudyara hazelnuts
Muti wehazel unozivikanwa nokuda kwawo rusticity uye humwe hunyanzvi hwekuenderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzevhu, kunyangwe kuitira kushanda kwakanyanya inoda ivhu rakaorera, rakasununguka rine hudzamu hunopfuura 50 cm. Iyo yakakodzera pH renji iri pakati pe5,5 ne7,5, kunyangwe ichikwanisa kushivirira kukosha kusvika pa8, ichidzivirira iyo inoshanda limestone yemukati inodarika 8% kudzivirira iron chlorosis.
Hazvikurudzirwe kudyara miti yehazel muvhu rakanyanyisa jecha., sezvo dzisingachengetedzi unyoro hwakakwana uye zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, uyewo hadzifariri muivhu revhu umo kudonhedza mvura nokushayikwa kweokisijeni zvinogona kuva zvinonetsa uye kuderedza kukura kwazvo. Ivhu risina kucheneswa zvakanaka, rinorema zvakanyanyisa, kana kuti ivhu risina kudzika harikodzeriwo.
Kufambisa zvose kukura kwezvirimwa nekukohwa, ivhu rinofanira kuva matombo maduku uye akanyatsogadziriswa, ine materu asingasviki 10%. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuve nechokwadi chemvura yakanaka kudzivirira midzi asphyxiation uye fungal zvirwere.
Munzvimbo dzegadheni, miti yehazel inogona kubudirira muvhu rine mwero, sezvo izvi zvichibatsira kutsigira muti sezvaunokura. Zvisinei, kana ivhu rakashata, zvinokurudzirwa kuisa organic matter usati wadyara.
Zvido zvemvura nekutarisira madiridziro
Muti wehazel ndiwo inonzwa zvakanyanya pakusanaya kwemvura; muvhu rakaoma uye calcareous, kana kuti inotambura nekushayikwa kwemvura, zvinowanzoitika kuti michero iwire nguva isati yakwana, kuderedza kugadzirwa kwegore negore. Iyo yakanyanya kudiwa yemvura inoiswa kubva muna Chivabvu kusvika Chikunguru, zvichifambirana nekusangana, kupinza maruva uye kukura kwemichero.
Munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze eMediterranean kana nzvimbo dzine mvura shoma, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa zvirimwa zvekudiridza kana munzvimbo dzakaoma dzinowana mvura inonaya inosvika 600 mm pagore. Kudiridza kunofanira kuitwa nguva nenguva asi kusingafashukidzi, uye kunofanirwa kuenderana nemamiriro ekunze evhu. Nzira yakanaka ndeyekutarisa hunyoro hwevhu musati madiridza imwe neimwe.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu egadheni, kudiridza mazuva matatu kana mana ega ega anogona kukwana, kudzivirira kunyorova mashizha kuderedza njodzi yechirwere. Muvhu rakareruka, kudiridza kunofanira kuva kupfupi uye kakawanda, nepo muvhu rinorema, kudiridza kunogona kuparadzaniswa asi kunofanira kunge kwakawanda.
Hazelnut pollination uye kuenderana
Hazelnut is a monoecious, mhando dzakasvibiswa nemhepo; maruva ayo echirume neechikadzi anokura pamuti mumwe chete, asi marudzi mazhinji haapindirane, saka zvinofanirwa kuve nemhando mbiri dzakasiyana uye dzinoenderana mukudyara kuti uwane mukume unoshanda uye kugadzirwa kwemichero yakanaka.
Munguva maruva (Ndira-Kukadzi)Mhepo dzakapfava, dzakaoma dzinobatsira kuparadzira mukume zviri nani, nepo mhute yakareba kana hunyoro hwakanyanyisa hunogona hydrate mukume uye kuderedza fetereza, zvichikanganisa goho.
ari mapoka emhando Iwo anofanirwa kusarudzwa zvichienderana nekuitika kwavo kwemaruva uye kuenderana kwemajini, izvo zvakakosha muminda yekutengesa.
Nzvimbo nenzvimbo inodiwa kudyara miti yehazelnut
Zvakakosha kusarudza nzvimbo yakakura, muzuva rakazara kana semi-mumvuri, uko muti wehazelnut unogona kukura usingaregi. Zvichienderana nemhando uye chinangwa chekukura (shrub kana muti), inogona kusvika 3 kusvika 10 mamita pakureba uye nyore kuwedzera muhupamhi, ichigadzira itsva basal shoots. Iyi tsika yekuwedzera inoita kuti ive yakanaka kune ese ari maviri mitsara yekugadzira uye yekushongedza kushandiswa uye nekuparadzanisa nzvimbo mumapindu.
Muminda yekutengeserana, kudzidziswa kwehunde imwe chete kunofarirwa kuitira kufambisa kukohwewa nekuchekerera nemichina. Mumagadheni, kukura kwebushier kunogona kuwanikwa, izvo zvinobatsira mukugadzira hedges, nzvimbo dzine shaded, uye nzvimbo dzekugara kune zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Sezvineiwo, mune mamwe matunhu, miti yehazelnut inoshandiswa senzvimbo dzekurimwa kwetruffle, ichitora mukana weiyo symbiosis pakati pemidzi yawo neaya akakosha fungi.
Kugadzirira ivhu, fetiraiza uye kudyarwa kwemuchero wehazelnut
Usati wadyara muchero kana kudyara muti wehazel, zvinokurudzirwa kuita a kugadzirira ivhu rakadzika, kubvisa matombo nemarara emidzi uye kugadzirisa chero matambudziko emvura. Mazuva mashoma kana masvondo mashoma musati madyarwa, chinhu chakanaka kupfumisa ivhu nefotereza yakaora yakaora, mupfudze wakura, kana mupfudze kuti mupe kudya uye kunatsiridza chimiro chevhu.
- Kudzika uye kurima: Chera gomba rinenge 40-50 cm muvhu uye kuenzanisa nzvimbo kuti midzi ibudirire.
- Kusarudzwa kwembeu/michero: Kana ukasarudza kudyara hazelnuts zvakananga, shandisa michero yakaibva, mitsva, uye ine utano. Zvinokurudzirwa kudzinyika mumvura inodziya kwemaawa makumi mana nemasere uye wozodziisa kwemavhiki mashoma mujecha rinotonhora, rakanyorova kuti riwedzere kumera.
- Kudyara: Inodyarwa kana nguva yakanaka yatanga, mumakomba 30 x 30 cm, kuviga mbeu pakadzika 3 kusvika 4 cm. Kana madzinde kana zvienzaniso zviduku zvakasimwa, midzi inopararira zvakanaka uye inofanira kuvharwa nevhu rakasimba asi rakasununguka pamutsipa.
Kutarisira kwakakosha mushure mekudyara: kudiridza, kuchekerera nekuchengetedza
Mumwedzi mishoma yekutanga kusvika pagore rekutanga, zvakakosha kuti ivhu rirambe rakanyorova asi risinganyanyi kuzara mvura. mulching Organic mulch yakatenderedza hwaro inobatsira kuchengetedza hunyoro uye inodzikamisa kukura kwesora.
Nezve kuchekerera, kune matatu makuru marudzi anoshandiswa zvichienderana nedanho remuti wehazel:
- Kugadzira kutema: Zvinoitwa mumakore ekutanga kumisikidza chimiro chekutanga chemuti kana shrub.
- Kuchera michero: Inokurudzira kugadzirwa kwemaruva nemichero nekubvisa matavi akare kana asina kumira zvakanaka; kuchekerera kaviri pamwaka zvakakwana.
- Maintenance pruning: Inosanganisira kubvisa matavi akaoma, ane chirwere, kana akakuvadzwa, pamwe nekubvisa mukati kuti uvandudze mhepo uye chiedza chekudya.
Zvinokurudzirwa kuchekerera panguva dzezvinomera zvakarara, kunyanya munguva yechando, apo muti wakarara.
Zvirwere, zvipembenene nekudzivirira
Hazelnuts inogona kurwiswa nezvipembenene zvakasiyana uye zvirwere. Matambudziko anonyanyozivikanwa anosanganisira:
- Bacteriosis uye anthracnose: Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya uye fungi zvinogona kudzivirirwa nemhepo yakanaka, kudzivisa kuvhara kwemvura, uye kushandisa mishonga chaiyo kana zvichidikanwa.
- Makonye nemakonye: Vanogona kukuvadza mashizha nemichero, saka vanofanira kudzorwa kuburikidza nekuongorora nguva dzose uye, kana zvichidiwa, nemishonga yezvipembenene.
- Mite uye aphid: Vanokanganisa muto uye kukura. Zvinotarisirwa nekutarisa kubuda kwezvipembenene uye kushandisa nzira dzakakodzera dzeecological kana phytosanitary.
Zvishandiso, zvinobatsira uye zvinonakidza chokwadi nezve hazelnuts
Pamusoro peake kukosha kwekudyaHazelnuts vane mukurumbira nekunaka kwavo kutapira, kupfuma kwavo mumafuta ane hutano, uye antioxidants senge flavonoids uye oleic acid. Nzungu dzinodyiwa dziri mbishi kana dzakakangwa uye dzinoshandiswa mukubika, sechinhu chinogadzirwa mumachokoreti, makirimu, nemafuta. Mafuta ehazelnut, anokosheswa zvakanyanya, anoshandiswa mune zvese gastronomy uye zvizorwa kune ayo anovaka muviri uye emollient.
Huni dzehazel dzakasimba, dzakareruka dzinoshandiswa kugadzira tsvimbo, tswanda, marasha, uye midziyo. Mukurima gadheni, kukura kwayo kwakakura kunowanzoshandiswa kugadzira hedges, nzvimbo dzakaparadzana, uye kugadzira nzvimbo dzinotonhorera, dzine mimvuri.
Muminda yekutengeserana, hazelnut inogona kurimwa se shrub kana semuti mumwechete, kunyanya kana yakabatanidzwa pamidzi isina kumera, iyo inobatsira kuchengetedza uye kukohwa kwemuchina.
Kuda kuziva kwakakodzera kushandiswa kwayo semuti wesymbiotic wekugadzira truffle, sezvo midzi yawo inogona kushamwaridzana ne mycorrhizal fungi, ichigadzira chimwe chigadzirwa chepamusoro kukosha kwehupfumi.
Kudyara, kuchengeta, uye kukohwa hazelnuts kunoda kutevedza nhevedzano yemazano ezvekurima kuti uve nechokwadi chekugadzirwa kwakanaka uye goho remhando yepamusoro gore negore. Nekutevera aya matipi akareruka uye kugara uchitarisa mamiriro echirimwa, zvinokwanisika kunakidzwa zvese zvekushongedza uye zvinovaka muviri kukosha kwehazelnuts, kunyangwe muvhu risingafadzi kana minda midiki yemumba.