The black truffle, inonziwo nesayenzi tuber melanosporum uye inonyanya kuzivikanwa se diamante negro ye gastronomy, ipfuma yekubika ine nhoroondo yemakore chiuru. Uhu howa hwepasi pevhu ndehumwe hwehushuva uye hunokosheswa zvakanyanya nemashefu nemagourmets pasi rose. rarity, kukohwa kwayo kwakaoma uye kunhuhwirira kwayo uye kunhuwirira kwaita kuti ive chishongo chisingachinjiki, chine yakasarudzika gastronomic uye tsika kukosha.
Origin, nhoroondo uye chiratidzo che truffle nhema
Nhoroondo inonakidza yetruffle nhema inodzokera kumagariro ekare. Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvinoratidza kuvapo kwayo kumashure seGirisi yekare. Babilonia, uko kwaionekwa sechikafu chakakodzera kuva mambo. Munyika yeGreeco-Roman, yaifarirwa zvese nekunaka kwayo uye nekufungidzirwa kwayo aphrodisiac kukosha uye mishonga yemishongaYakanga yakabatanidzwa nevamwari, yaionekwa sechishamiso chezvisikwa uye chiratidzo cheumbozha uye kuoma.
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, iyo truffle yakachengetedza chimiro chayo sechikafu chega, kunyangwe kusavimbika kwezvinhu zvakakura pasi pevhu kwakapa iyo aura yechakavanzika. Yakanga iri kubva kuRenaissance zvichienda mberi, uye kunyanya muFrance, iyo truffle dema yakawanazve nzvimbo yayo muhaute cuisine, ichizvibatanidza sechikafu. chinhu chakakosha pamabiko eumambo neEurope anokudzwa.
Iyo yakasarudzika hunhu hwe truffle yakasviba yakachengetwa nekufamba kwenguva, uye nhasi inoramba ichifananidzira elegance uye culinary kunaka, ichiva chiratidzo chisingarambiki mune zvepasi rose gastronomy.
Botanical maitiro uye echisikigo pekugara kweiyo nhema truffle
La nhema truffle ndezve genus tuber uye ari acomycete fungus pasi pevhu, iyo inovandudza mararamiro ayo mu symbiosis nemidzi yemimwe miti, kunyanya mioki, holm oak uye hazelnuts, kunyange zvazvo inogonawo kubatanidzwa nemamwe marudzi emapine uye steppes (cistus) Hukama uhu hunozivikanwa se mycorrhiza uye yakakosha pakukura kwayo, sezvo fungus nemuti zvinotsinhanisa zvinovaka muviri zvakakosha nenzira inobatsira.
Iyo truffle yakasviba inofarira ivhu reraimu uye ivhu rakanyoroveswa zvakanaka, yakapfuma muorganic matter uye ine pH ine alkaline zvishoma. Anowanikwa kunyanya munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze eMediterranean, ane mwaka wechando unotonhora uye muzhizha rinodziya. Spain, France, neItari ndiyo inoumba kugadzirwa kukuru kwepasirese, nemapurovhinzi eTeruel, Soria, Huesca, Navarra, neGirona vakamira kunze kwetsika yavo inokura truffle.
- Morphology: Globose kune subglobose muchimiro, ine matte dema peridium yakafukidzwa nepyramidal warts. Saizi yadzo inosiyana pakati pe3 uye 12 cm mudhayamita uye uremu hwadzo hunowanzo pakati pe20 ne200 magiramu, kunyangwe zvimiro zvemhando yepamusoro zvinorema kusvika 600 g zvinogona kuwanikwa.
- Ruvara uye magadzirirwo: Mukati mayo, anonzi gleba, ane purplish-black ine tsinga dzakachena dzakanyatsotsanangurwa. Mamiriro acho akasimba uye akabatana, uye kana akachekwa, anobudisa kunhuhwirira kwakanyanya uye kusinganzwisisiki.
- Kunhuwa uye kuravira: Iyo inoburitsa zvinyorwa zvevhu, mazano enzungu, cocoa, marine nuances uye yakapfava inonhuhwirira kubata. Zvayo kuravira Yakadzika, inofadza uye inovava zvishoma, ine kuoma kwakaoma kuenzanisa.
Hupenyu kutenderera uye kukohwa kunonakidza kweiyo truffle nhema
Hupenyu kutenderera kwe nhema truffle Inotanga muchirimo, kana ichingova tunhu tudiki tunonamirwa pamidzi yemuti wemuti. Munguva yezhizha nekudonha, truffle inokura pasi pevhu, ichisvika kune kukura nekusvika kwechando. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekugara, mamiriro ekunze, kunaya kwemvura, uye kunaka kwevhu.
Kuyeuka Kuwanikwa kweblack truffle ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kufadza zvemycological world. Kuve fungus yepasi pevhu, kuiwana inyanzvi. Sechinyakare, nguruve, kunyanya hadzi, dzaishandiswa nekuda kwekunzwa kwadzo kunhuhwirira, kunyangwe imbwa dzakadzidziswa dzave kusarudzwa, sezvo dzichigona kudzora uye dzisingadyi truffles dzavanowana.
Nzira yekutsvaga inoda ruzivo, intuition uye kubatana kwakadzama nemhoteredzo yechisikigo. Vavhimi vetruffle, pamwe nembwa dzavo, vanodzungaira mumasango vachitsvaga iyi yakakosha fungus, iyo dzimwe nguva inogonawo kuonekwa nekuvapo kweinonzi "truffle fly."
La mwaka wokukohwa Inotangira muna Mbudzi kusvika munaKurume muNorthern Hemisphere, nemwedzi yepakati ichiva yakanakira kuibva zvakakwana kwekunhuhwirira kwayo kwakaoma. MuSouthern Hemisphere, kugadzirwa kunowedzera kuburikidza nemwedzi yechando yekumaodzanyemba.
Kusingaenzaniswi gastronomic kukosha
Iyo truffle yakasviba inomira kunze kwayo zvinoshanda uye kugona kwayo kushandura chero dhishi kuita chiitiko chepamusoro. mishonga inonhuhwirira (kupfuura 200 yakaonekwa) inoburitswa nekupisa, imbuing chikafu chine nuances iyo hapana chimwe chinhu chinogona kupa. Dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, uye 1-octen-3-ol inokonzera kunhuhwirira kwayo kusinganzwisisiki.
Inoshandiswa patsva, yakachekwa, kana kuchekwa pandiro dzinopisa, ichibvumira kupisa kwayo kwasara kuwedzera kunhuhwirira. Kushandiswa kwaro kunobva kuhute cuisine-ndiro dzine mazai, nyama, hove, pasta, risottos, mupunga, saladi, cheeses, nyama yakarapwa, uye foie gras-kusvika kune mabikirwo akareruka, apo chidimbu chitete pane zvishoma. mazai akaomeswa kana omelette yembatatisi inoshandura ndiro kuti ive inofadza chaizvo.
Iyo truffle yakasviba zvakare protagonist yemafuta, butters, sosi uye gourmet zvigadzirwa. zvemarudzi ose. Indasitiri yeindasitiri yakagadzira zvinonhuhwirira zvekugadzira kutevedzera kunhuhwirira kwavo, kunyangwe kuoma kwechisikigo kwechokwadi truffles kunoramba kusingadzoreki.
Geographical kugovera uye nzvimbo huru dzekurima
Nzvimbo yakasikwa yetruffle nhema masango ekumaodzanyemba kweEurope, kubva kumaodzanyemba kweFrance nepakati nekuchamhembe kweItaly kusvika kuchamhembe, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, uye kumabvazuva kweSpain. Kuwedzera kurimwa kwetruffle mumakumi emakore achangopfuura kwakabvumira kurimwa munzvimbo itsva, dzakadai seAustralia, United States, Chile, Argentina, South Africa, neChina, uko kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwemichina kwakabatsira mukugadzirwa kwematruffles emhando yepamusoro.
- España Ndiyo inotungamira mugadziri wepasirese, ane kukosha kwakakosha muTeruel (Sarrión, guta guru reSpanish reblack truffle uye dzimbahwe reFITRUF), Soria, Huesca, Navarra, Girona neCatalonia.
- France y Italia Pamwe chete neSpain, vanoumba "golden triangle" yepasi rose yemusika weblack truffle. Nharaunda yeFrance yePérigord neItaly Piedmont zvine nhoroondo.
- Kurimwa kunosvika kuAustralia, Chile, Argentina, United States neSouth Africa, uko kurima kwetruffle kunoshandisa nzira dzakadzorwa dzemycorrhization.
Nutritional properties uye hutano hunobatsira
Kupfuura kwavo gastronomic kukosha, truffle nhema inonzi a superfood nekuda kwekuwanda kwayo mune zvinovaka muviri uye bioactive komisheni. Tsvagiridzo yesainzi yakaratidza kuti ine:
- Mapuroteni: Kusvika ku35% nehuremu hwakaoma, ichipa amino acids akakosha, kunyanya ayo akapfuma nesarufa.
- Carbohydrates uye fiber: Zviri nyore kuita uye zvinobatsira kune hutano hwekugaya.
- Mafuta ane hutano: Inopfuura 60% yemafuta ayo ane unsaturated, kunyanya oleic uye linoleic, inobatsira mukuderedza cholesterol uye kudzivirira kwezvirwere zvemoyo.
- Zvicherwa: Kuwanda kwe potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus uye zinc.
- Mavhitaminzi: Inopa B mavhitaminzi uye ergosterol, inotangira vhitamini D2.
- Antioxidants: Polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids uye polysaccharides, inokonzera antioxidant uye anti-inflammatory effect, ine antitumor, antimicrobial uye hepatoprotective simba.
Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kugona kweblack truffle kuti Neutralize free radicals, chengetedza chiropa, kuderedza kuzvimba, uye kugadzirisa hutano hweseNekuda kweiyo yakaderera antinutrient uye heavy metal yemukati, inoonekwa yakachengeteka uye yakakodzera kune hutano uye inoshanda chikafu.
Curiosities, ngano uye yakakurumbira tsika
Munhoroondo yose, truffle nhema yakakomberedzwa ne ngano, ngano nezvitendero zvakakurumbira yakabatana neyayo inonzi aphrodisiac uye mystical properties. MuchiRoma chekare, yaionekwa sechipo kubva kuna vamwari uye inonzi ine mashiripiti uye masimba ekuporesa. Mudetembi wekuFrance J.L. Vaudoyer akasiyanisa pakati peavo vanotenda kuti yakanaka nekuti inodhura uye avo vanoziva kuti inodhura nekuti yakanaka chaizvo, ichiratidza hunhu hwayo husingaenzaniswi uye neruremekedzo rwainoburitsa mumitambo yekubika.
Kunhuhwirira kweblack truffle kwakasiyana zvekuti hazvibviri kutsanangura nemazvo kusvika waravira. Mhoteredzo yaro, muti waunogamuchira, uye mamiriro okunze egore rokukohwa zvinopesvedzera kunhuhwirira kwayo, kuiita hapana truffles maviri akafanana chaizvo.
Mutengo wakakwira weblack truffles: zvikonzero uye makiyi ekukoshesa kwayo
Iyo truffle nhema inomira pachena seimwe yezvinhu zvinodhura zvakanyanya munyika gastronomy. Zvikonzero zvikuru zvemutengo wayo wakakwira ndezvi:
- Rarity uye mwaka: Inongowanikwa mune mamwe matunhu uye kukohwa kwayo kushoma uye mwaka, zvichireva kuti kuwanikwa kunogara kwakaderera pane kudiwa.
- Kuunganidzwa kwakaoma: Unoda imbwa dzakadzidziswa, ruzivo rwemycological uye unyanzvi hwekutsvaga hwakanyanya.
- Mamiriro ekukura chaiwo: Kusimukira kwayo kunoenderana nevhu reraimu, kureba chaiko, mamiriro ekunze eMediterranean, uye symbiosis nemiti chaiyo. Uyezve, nguva yekumirira kukohwa kwekutanga mukurima inogona kubva pamakore manomwe kusvika kugumi.
- Irreplaceable aromas and flavour: Iko hakuna chaiyo inotsiva inokwanisa kudzokorora hunhu hwayo hwe organoleptic, uye kuita kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana muhaute cuisine kunoita kuti ive chinhu chinochiva chevabiki nemagourmets.
Su mutengo Inosiyana zvichienderana nemhando, saizi, nyika inogadzira uye mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwegoho rega rega, asi rinogara riri mukati memhando yezvigadzirwa zveumbozha.
Kurimwa kwemazuva ano uye kuwedzera kwenyika dzese kurima truffle
Kuwedzera kuri kudiwa kwematruffles matema kwakurudzira kurima kwemazuva ano. Kurimwa kunodzorwa kwakatanga muFrance uye kwakabudirira kupararira kuSpain, Italy, nedzimwe nyika dziri mumativi ose ari maviri. Maitiro emazuva ano anosanganisa symbiosis yechisikigo nekufambira mberi mumycorrhizal inoculation, manejimendi evhu, kudiridza, kuchekerera, uye kutonga kwehutano hwezvirimwa. Rutsigiro rwemasangano nesainzi kubva kumasangano akadai seFrench National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRAE) neSpanish National Research Council (CSIC) yanga iri kiyi mukuvandudza fungidziro yegoho uye mhando yegoho.
Parizvino, kurima truffle ibasa riri kukura rehupfumi mumatunhu ane mamiriro okunze akakodzera uye ivhu, kunyanya muHumid Pampas neAndean nzvimbo dzeSouth America, pamwe neCalifornia neOregon muUnited States, uye Tasmania, Victoria, uye New South Wales muAustralia. Uku kuwedzera kwepasirese kwakabvumira iyo truffle nhema, ichichengeta hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana, kuvepo mumaresitorendi nemisika yegourmet kutenderera pasirese.
Kuchengeta, kubata uye kubika mazano
La truffle itsva yakasviba Yakapfava uye inoda kutariswa kuti ichengetedze kunhuhwirira kwayo uye kunhuhwirira kwakazara:
- Inofanira pedza nekukurumidza mushure mekukohwa, zvakanaka mukati memazuva 10-15.
- Ramba uri mukati mudziyo usina mweya Putira mufiriji, yakaputirwa mumapepa anopinza (kuchinja mapepa zuva nezuva kudzivirira unyoro). Inogona zvakare kuchengetwa pamwe nezvimwe zvekudya zvakaita semazai kana bhotela, izvo zvinotora kunhuhwirira kwayo.
- Para nguva refu, inogona kuomeswa nechando yakachena, muzvidimbu zvese kana grated, zvichikubvumira kushandisa chete huwandu hwaunoda uye kudzivirira kudzikisa huwandu hwese.
- Imwe sarudzo ndeyekuichengetedza mujusi wayo, yakavharwa nebrandy kana waini yakaoma yakaoma, yakabikwa mubhain-marie kugadzira vacuum uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwayo hwesherufu kusvika gore.
- Dzivisa kutarisana zvakananga nechiedza uye unyoro.
Mukicheni, truffle yakasviba haifaniri kubikwa pakupisa kukuru, sezvo kunhuhwirira kwayo kunoderera. Zvakanakisa kuti uwedzere pakupera kwekubika, grated kana kuchekwa zvakatsetseka pamusoro pendiro yapera, kutora mukana wekupisa kwasara kuburitsa nuances yayo pasina kushandura kuoma kwayo.
The black truffle in international gastronomy
University of the black truffle inoratidzwa mukuvapo kwayo mumakicheni ane mukurumbira muEurope nepasirese:
- Italian cuisine: Inotamba mumapasta, risotto, polenta, uye pizza. Black truffle risotto, pasta ine truffles, uye truffle frittata ndeye classics. Italy inozivikanwa zvakare nekugadzira uye kushambadzira kwewhite truffles.
- French cuisine: Zvokudya zvinobva mudunhu rePérigord, zvinosanganisira truffled foie gras, pamwe chete nenyama, huku, soups, uye masosi anofananidzira sePérigourdine sosi, anozivikanwa pasi rose. Iyo truffle yakasviba inosanganiswa neFrench haute cuisine.
- Spanish Cuisine: Inoshandiswa mumidziyo yemhuka, mupunga ndiro, mbatatisi omelets, nyama ndiro, uye hove. Gwayana rakarukwa uye nguruve inoyamwa inoyamwa ndeimwe inonyanya kufarirwa, kunyanya muAragon, Soria, neCatalonia.
- Zvokudya zveAsia neAmerica: Japan inoishandisa mune truffled wagyu uye soups, nepo marudzi ekuzvarwa anogadzirwa muChina. MuUnited States neSouth America, matruffle matema chikamu chemazuva ano haute cuisine.
Maresitorendi akanakisa epasirese, anosanganisira akati wandei eMichelin-nyeredzi maresitorendi, mazuva akazvipira uye ese mamenu echigadzirwa ichi, achisimbisa chimiro chacho sechechokwadi. gastronomic diamond.
Iconic mabikirwo uye culinary application
Black truffles inogona kushandiswa mukugadzirira zvisingaverengeki, kubva pane zviri nyore kusvika kune zvakanyanya. Mamwe mashandisirwo echinyakare uye mabikirwo epasi rese anosanganisira:
- Yakachekwa kana yakachekwa: Pamazai, pasta, risotto, nyama yemombe, huku, hove chena, kana zvekudya zvemugungwa. Kupisa kwasara kunosimudzira kunhuhwirira.
- Black truffle butter: Kusanganisa truffle nyowani nemhando yebhotoro, yakanakira kuparadzira pachingwa, inoperekedza nyama, kana kupedzisa miriwo.
- Truffle sauces: Zvenyama, pasta, nemupunga. Emulsifying nemafuta anonhuhwirira uye kubata kweParmesan chizi kunowedzera chiitiko.
- Truffled sausage uye cheeses: Hwema hunofambiswa uye hunowedzerwa muzvigadzirwa zvakapora uye zvakakura.
- Mabikirwo epasi rose: Black truffle risotto, zamu redhadha rine truffle nepineapple, truffle cheesecake, apple millefeuille ine truffle flakes, homemade truffled cavatelli, uye prawns ine black truffle risotto. Ese mabikirwo aya anoonekwa pamamenu emaresitorendi ane mukurumbira, achishandisa hunyanzvi hunotsigirwa nezvikoro zvine mukurumbira zvekubika zvakaita seLe Cordon Bleu neCulinary Institute of America.
Kugadzirira truffle yakasviba nguva dzose inoda kuremekedzwa kwekunhuhwirira kwayo uye kunaka kwayoNdicho chikonzero zvishoma zvishoma: zvimedu zvishomanana zvakakwana kushandura ndiro uye kuita kuti isakanganwike.
Mutengo wepasi rose uye mareferensi emusika
Mutengo weblack truffles unochinja zvichienderana nemhando, saizi, kwakabva, uye mamiriro ekunze emwaka wega wega. Pasi rose, vatengesi vakuru vakaita seUrbani Truffles (Italy), Maison de la Truffe (France), D'Artagnan (United States), uye Sabatino Tartufi (Italy-USA) vanotora mitengo yechigadzirwa pakati pe250 € ne400 pa100 gramu. Mukugadzira misika yakadai seArgentina, mitengo pakirogiramu inogona kufanana neyekuEurope, asi yakakwirira panguva yekugadzirwa kwakaderera.
Uyu mutengo wepamusoro unokonzerwa nehuwandu hwe Kugadzirwa kwakaganhurirwa, kudiwa kwepasirese, kukosha kwetsika uye mukurumbira usingaenzaniswiZvisinei, shoma shoma yetruffle itsva-inenge 25 gramu-inokubvumira kuti unakidzwe zvizere nekunaka kwayo uye kunhuhwirira kwayo, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kusvika pane zvingaratidzika.
Black truffle mune yemazuva ano cuisine: sainzi uye ramangwana
Iyo truffle nhema inoramba iri imwe yezvigadzirwa zvine fungidziro huru yepasirese, zvese zvayo gastronomic kukosha Chemhondoro zvinovaka muviriKufambira mberi mukutsvagisa kwemycological, nzira dzekurima dzakavandudzwa, uye nekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwayo mukubika zvine hutano uye kugadzira kunovimbisa kuti icharamba ichive mutambi akakosha mukuvandudza kwezvekudya mumakore anotevera.
Uyezve, kuongororwa kweiyo bioactive komisheni uye hutano hunobatsira hunovimbisa mashandisirwo matsva mumaindasitiri ezvekudya nemishonga. Chinetso ndechekuchengetedza huchokwadi hwayo mukutarisana nekuwanda kwezvinonhuhwirira zvekugadzira uye zvigadzirwa zvakaderera, nepo nguva dzose uchivimbisa ruremekedzo rwekunaka kwayo uye mavambo echisikigo.
Iyo truffle yakasviba yakawanda kupfuura chinhu cheumbozha. Inobatanidza nhoroondo, tsika, sainzi, culinary art uye zvisikwa muchikafu chimwe chete. Kunhuhwirira kwayo kusinga fungidzike, kudya kwakanaka, kushomeka, uye kugona kufambisa chero munhu anoiedza inoruramisa chimiro chayo se "dhaimani dema" uye basa rayo risingadzoreki muhute cuisine uye tsika yepasirese yekudyira yakanaka.
