Hupenyu hwemiti rwendo runonakidza rwebhayoloji rwunoitika nekufamba kunononoka kupfuura kwezvizhinji zvipenyu zviri panyika. Kubva pakuberekwa kwembeu duku kusvika pakukura kwemuti une makore zana kana kuti zviuru, munhu mumwe nomumwe ane nyaya dzokuchinja, kusimba, uye kuchinja. Asi muti unorarama kwenguva yakareba sei? Kureba kwayo kunoenderana nei? Nei vamwe vanhu vachipfuura nokure nduramo yenguva dzose yemarudzi avo?
Zvinhu zvinosarudza hupenyu hwemiti
La hupenyu hwemuti Hazvirongwi netsaona. Pane zvinhu zvakati kuti zvinotarisa kuti imwe sampuli inogona kurarama kwenguva yakareba sei. Iwo makuru anosanganisira:
- MhandoChinhu chikuru chinogadzirisa hupenyu hurefu ndeye genetic. Mamwe marudzi anotarirwa kurarama kwenguva refu, senge redwoods, yews, uye maoki, ayo anogona kurarama nyore kwemazana akati wandei.
- Kukura: Miti iyo kukura zvishoma nezvishoma vanowanzorarama kwenguva refu pane dzinokura nokukurumidza. Izvi zvinoitika nekuti matishu avo anonyanya kushingirira kupfeka uye kubvaruka.
- Mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredzaKusanaya kwemvura, moto, kupisa kwakanyanya, mafashamo nemhepo zvinogona kupfupisa hupenyu hwemiti zvakanyanya.
- Kuvapo kwezvirwere uye zvipembeneneFungi, mabhakitiriya uye zvipembenene zvinogona kupera simba nekuuraya miti, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka.
- Adaptive matambudziko:Kana muti usingakwanise kujairana nekushanduka kwakangoerekana kwaitika munharaunda yawo, sekuuya kwemarudzi matsva kana shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, hupenyu hwawo hunoderera.
Zvose izvi zvinhu zvinopindirana uye zvinogona kutosiyana kune mienzaniso yemhando imwe chete iri munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Miti inofa sei: kukurumidza kana kunonoka maitiro
Miti inogona kufa muna a pakarepo o zvishoma nezvishoma:
- Kufa nekukurumidza: Inowanzokonzerwa nemoto, mafashamo, dutu remhepo kana kukanganisa kwakakomba kwemagetsi kunodzivirira kutakurwa kwemvura uye kudya.
- Kufa kunononokaIzvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekurwiswa kwezvipembenene uye zvirwere, kana kungozviuraya. Muzviitiko izvi, kuora kunofambira mberi uye kunogona kutora mwedzi kana makore, kazhinji kutanga nekurasikirwa kwemapazi uye matanda.
Muzviitiko zvese izvi, iyo kurasikirwa kwekukwanisa kutakura mvura uye kudya Ndicho chiitiko chinogadzirisa pakufa kwemuti.
Kusiyana kwehupenyu hurefu: mienzaniso yemiti yakareba uye yenguva pfupi
Kune miti inogona kusvika mazera anoshamisa, kunyange anopfuura makore 4.000, akadai seholm oak uye redwoods. Sayenzi ye Pine longaeva Vave vachinzi vane makore anopfuura 4.800 ekare, nepo mune mamwe makomo muSpain, mipaini mitema inoratidzirwa kuva inoda kusvika 1.000 makore. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvezvipenyu zvekare, unogona kubvunza muti wekaresa munyika.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kune mhando dzakadai semapoplars uye cottonwoods, ane tarisiro yehupenyu inotangira pamakore makumi maviri kusvika ku20, uye mamwe marudzi emiti kubva munzvimbo dzakaoma ayo anoramba kurarama mavhiki mashomanana.
Genetics, kuchinjika uye nharaunda ndiwo zvikonzero zvikuru zvinotsanangura kusiyana kwakajeka uku.
Hupenyu kutenderera: hupenyu, rufu uye nhaka
Kufa kwemuti hakusi kungoita, asi shanduko yakakosha muhupenyu hwesango. Usati wawira pasi, muti wakafa unogona kupa pokugara nechikafu kumarudzi akawanda: nyuchi, squirrels, zizi uye dzimwe mhuka dzesango.
Kana muti wacho wapedzisira wadonha uye woora, kuparara kwefungi nemabhakitiriya kunodzoreredza kudya kwawo. kupfumisa ivhu uye kubvumira zvirimwa zvitsva kukuraNokudaro, muti unoita basa rinokosha mukuenzanisa uye kubereka kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kukosha kwemambure epasi pevhu
Midzi yemuti haingoutsigire pasi chete, asiwo panosangana mycorrhizae, symbiosis yemidzi ine fungi inoshanda sechipiri midzi. fungal hyphae Dzinogona kuwedzera kureba kupfuura midzi, kuunganidza mvura nezvinovaka muviri mukutsinhana neshuga inogadzirwa nemuti kupfurikidza nephotosynthesis.
Pane yakaoma pasi pevhu network, inonyanyozivikanwa se "wood wide web," iyo inobatanidza miti kune imwe neimwe, zvichiita kuti kuchinjana kwezvokudya uye zviratidzo zvemakemikari. Kunyangwe basa ravo richiri kuferefetwa, zviri pachena kuti kubatanidza kwepasi pevhu uku kunowedzera hutano hwakabatanidzwa uye hupenyu hurefu hwemasango.
Zvinoshamisa miti yakagara kwenguva refu: mienzaniso kubva kuIberian Peninsula
Muchikamu cheHispanic, mienzaniso yakadai seyo Rascafría Yew (makore anopfuura 1.000), iyo Matatu-makumbo Oak (anenge makore 1.200), the Sabina de Sierra María and the Cork oak yeEl Toril, ose ava nemakore anopfuura 800.
ari hofori sequoias Miti yekumadokero kweAmerica zvakare yakakurumbira nekugara kwayo kunoshamisa, sezvakaita Canary Island neCorsican pines kuSpain. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti miti yakawanda yekare haisi iyo yakareba zvikuru kana yakasimba, asi pane yakamonyoroka, inotaridzika yakazvininipisa iyo yakararama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
| Muti | Zera (makore) | Zera (makore) | Studio mhando |
| Rascafría Yew | 1500 | 1000-1500 | Makore akaenzana |
| Sabina de María | 1000 | 900-1000 | Makore akaenzana |
| Millennial Olivera | 900 | 800-1000 | zera rinofungidzirwa |
| Chestnut El Tremblo | 900 | 800-1000 | zera rinofungidzirwa |
| Olivera anobva kuSpain | 900 | 800-1000 | zera rinofungidzirwa |
| Rozabales Chestnut | 900 | 800-1000 | Makore akaverengerwa |
| Holm muouki 1000 makwai | 900 | 800-1000 | Makore akaenzana |
| Matatu-makumbo Oak | 900 | 800-1000 | Makore akaenzana |
| La Terrona Holm Oak | 850 | 800-900 | Makore akaenzana |
Zera remuti rinosarudzwa sei?
Kune dzakasiyana nzira dzekuverenga zera remuti:
- Kuverenga mheteNzira yakarurama ndeyekucherechedza zvindori zvekukura zvechikamu chemuchinjikwa we trunk.
- Pressler Auger: Chishandiso chinobvumira masampuli madiki kuti abudiswe kubva muhunde pasina kukuvadza zvakanyanya muti, kuitira kuongorora zvindori zvayo uye kuverenga makore ayo (akaverengerwa makore).
- Kukura kwekufungidzira: Kana samples isingagoneki, macurves ekukura uye mabhuku esainzi anoshandiswa kufungidzira zera.
- Historical reconstructionZvinyorwa, zvipupuriro zvemuromo, uye kunyange ngano dzemunharaunda dzinogona kubvunzwa kuti dzibatsire kuongororwa kwehupenyu hurefu.
Kupindira kwe dendrochronologists Chinokosha pakuona fungidziro yakarurama uye kuderedza zvikanganiso zvinokonzerwa nemhete mbiri kana miti yakakanganiswa nekuora kwemukati.
Mhedzisiro yemamiriro ekunze uye ezvakatipoteredza pane tarisiro yehupenyu
ari tembiricha dzakakwirira inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya hupenyu hwemiti, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinopisa. Tsvagiridzo yesainzi yakaratidza kuti kudarika mamwe tembiricha zvinotadzisa kuti miti irarame munzvimbo idzi, kukurumidza kufa uye kuderedza masango ekuchengetedza kabhoni.
Uyewo, kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu, kupiswa kwemasango, zvipembenene nezvirwere Kutyisidzirwa kuri kuitika kuri kuwedzera kuwanda. Shanduko yepasi rose iri kushandura kugovaniswa kwemarudzi, kushandura masango kuenda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira kana nzvimbo dzinotonhora, uye kukanganisa zvipenyu zvepasi rose.
Kuziva kwevagari uye kuchengetedzwa kwemiti
Mapurojekiti esainzi yevagari, senge zvimwe zviitiko zvedunhu kutarisa hutano hwemasango, zvinobvumidza kuunganidzwa kweruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekufa kwemiti uye chirwere. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve kudzivirira miti uye kuve nechokwadi chehupenyu hwayo, tinokurudzira kushanya ornamental shrubs nemiti yemapatio.
Mapikicha, zvakacherechedzwa, uye mishumo yevagari vemo zvinobatsira kuona matambudziko ekutanga senge defoliation yakakura, kusanaya kwemvura, kuvapo kwezvipembenene, kana kukuvadzwa kubva kune zvakanyanya mamiriro ekunze. Saka, kubatana pakati pehuwandu hwevanhu nemasayendisiti Izvo zvakakosha mukuchengetedza nekudzivirira kwemiti yakareba kwenguva refu uye zvisikwa zvayo.
Miti, zvapupu zvechokwadi zvekushanduka kwepasi, zvinoramba zvichikurudzira vanhu nekugadzikana kwavo nekusimba. Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinosarudza kurarama kwenguva refu, kukosha kworufu rwadzo mukuvandudza sango, uye kudiwa kwedziviriro yadzo hakungobatsiri chete kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu asiwo kunochengetedza kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza uye kunaka kwoupenyu nokuda kwechizvarwa chazvino nechichauya.
