Muorivhi (Olea europaea) ndeimwe yemhando yemiti inofananidzira yeMedithera nepasirese, inozivikanwa nehupenyu hwayo hurefu uye kugona kujairana nemamiriro akashata. Uchionekwa sechiratidzo cherunyararo, budiriro, uye kusimba, muti uyu chapupu chinorarama kunhoroondo yemarudzi akawanda. Zvino, chii upenyu hwomuorivhiNei mimwe miti yemiorivhi ichirarama kweinopfuura mireniyumu nepo mimwe ichingorarama mazana emakore mashoma? Muchinyorwa chino, uchawana kutarisisa kwakadzama, kwechizvino-zvino, uye kwakadzama kwekugara kwenguva refu kwemuti wemuorivhi, zvinhu zvinouratidza, mienzaniso yemiti yemiorivhi yekare, chokwadi chinofadza, ngano, uye zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve kutenderera kwehupenyu hwemuti uyu unonakidza.
Kureba kwenguva refu kwomuorivhi kunorevei?
La hupenyu hurefu Hupenyu hunotarisirwa hwehupenyu hunoreva huwandu hwemakore hunogona kurarama pasi pemamiriro akakwana, kubatanidza maitiro emararamiro ayo, nharaunda uye kutarisirwa kunogamuchirwa. Panyaya ye muorivhiKurarama kwavo kwenguva refu kwakafadza masayendisiti, varimi, uye vanoda zvisikwa nekuda kwekusimba kwavo kusingaenzaniswi uye kusimba. Ivo vanodzidzwa kwete chete nekuda kwehurefu hwavo hwakakwana, asiwo nekugona kwavo kuvandudza, kusimba kwavo, uye basa ravo setsika nehupfumi sosi yemireniyamu.
Muorivhi unorarama kwenguva yakareba sei?
Miorivhi ine a avhareji yekurarama kwemakore ari pakati pe300 ne600, kunyange zvazvo kune zviuru zvemakore ekare zvienzaniso, uye muzviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotopfuura zviuru zviviri zvemakore ehupenyu. Iyo miti inokura zvishoma nezvishoma, asi kukura kwayo nekugadzirwa kwayo kunogara kwemazana emakore. miti yemiorivhi yekare Ivo vanoramba vari vapenyu uye vachigadzira, vachigadzira zvinhu zvakakosha munhoroondo dzeMedithera. Mienzaniso yakakurumbira, yakadai seFarga de Arion muTarragona, kana kuti muorivhi weVouves wekare muCrete, yakanzi ndiyo yekare kudarika yose munyika, ine makore anofungidzirwa anosvika kumakore 4000.
Hupenyu hwemuorivhi hwakakamurwa kuita nhanho dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoratidza kushanduka kwemuti kwemazana emakore:
- Kusimwa uye hudiki (0-7 makore): Muorivhi unozvisimbisa woita midzi yawo, asi kazhinji haubereki panguva ino.
- Kukura uye kupinda mukugadzira (7-35 makore): Muti unokura nesimba uye kazhinji unotanga kubereka michero pakati pemakore mana negumi, zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye hurongwa hwekuparadzira.
- Kukura uye kugadzirwa kwakazara (35-150 makore): Ndiro danho rinobereka kwazvo romuorivhi, rine goho rakawanda uye rakatsiga.
- Senescence uye hupenyu hurefu (kupfuura makore 150): Mwero wekukura uye zvibereko zvinodzikira, asi muti unogona kuramba uri mupenyu uye uchibereka kwemazana emakore kana kunyange zviuru zvemakore kana mamiriro ezvinhu achibvumira.
Zvinhu zvinoratidza kuti muorivhi unogara kwenguva yakareba sei
Kurebesa kwenguva refu kwemuti wemuorivhi hakusi masanga, asi mhedzisiro yemusanganiswa wezvinhu zvinotsanangurwa pazasi:
Genetics
La genetics Hapana mubvunzo kuti ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha pakusarudza nduramo yomuorivhi. Mamwe marudzi ane simba uye anoramba, zvichiita kuti ararame uye abereke kwenguva yakareba. Mienzaniso yemhando idzi dzakagara kwenguva refu ndeye Mufananidzola forge and the Koroneiki, pakati pevamwe. Iwe unogona kuwana rumwe ruzivo nezve akasiyana mhando yemiorivhi kuti unzwisise zviri nani maitiro ayo.
Mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza
- Mamiriro ekunze: Miti yemiorivhi inokura munzvimbo dzeMediterranean dzinozivikanwa nechando chiri munyoro, chirimo chinopisa, uye nguva yokusanaya kwemvura. Kunyangwe vachishivirira kutonhora kuri pakati nepakati, chando chakanyanya chinogona kukuvadza zvakakomba miti midiki kana mhando dzakasimba.
- Pasi: Vanoda ivhu rakareruka, rakanyoroveswa zvakanaka, kunyange zvazvo vachigona kuchinjika kunyange kunzvimbo dzine urombo kana dzine matombo. Kunyanya kunyorova kana ivhu risina mvura zvakanaka rinogona kukurudzira zvirwere kana kuora.
Kutarisira uye kubata
- Kuchekerera: Muorivhi wakanyatsochekwa haungogadziri mhepo uye kuwana chiedza, asiwo unofambisa kugadzirwa uye hupenyu hurefu nekubvumira kuvandudzwa kwehuni uye kutonga zvipembenene. Kuti udzidze maitiro chaiwo, bvunza yedu gwara repamusoro rekuchekerera miti yemiorivhi.
- Irrigation: Kunyange zvazvo isingapindi kunaya kwemvura, mvura yakakwana uye inodzorwa inofarira kukura kwayo panguva dzakaoma.
- Fertilization: Kubatsira kwezvinovaka muviri kunobatsira kuhutano hwavo uye simba kurwisa zvipembenene nezvirwere.
Madenda nezvirwere
Kureba kwemuti wemuorivhi kunogona kukanganiswa nezvipembenene zvakadai nhunzi yemiorivhi and the maorivhi milkweed, pamwe chete nezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nefungi uye mabhakitiriya. Kuramba kwechisikigo kwemiti yemiorivhi, yakasanganiswa nemishonga yakakodzera ye phytosanitary uye maitiro akanaka ekurima, chinhu chinokosha pakuchengetedza miti ine utano kwemazana emakore.
Hupenyu hwakakwana hwemuorivhi: kubva kumbeu kusvika mukukwegura
Hupenyu hwemuorivhi hwakareba zvakasiyana uye huzere nehunhu hwakasiyana hunobvumira mhuka iyi kurarama munzvimbo dzakaoma. Tichaongorora chikamu chimwe nechimwe zvakadzama:
Kumera nekugadzwa
Miti yemuorivhi inogona kuparadzirwa pabonde (kubva kumbeu) kana vegetatively (kubva kukucheka, kuisa). Kumera kubva kumbeu kazhinji kunononoka uye kwakaoma, saka mbeu zhinji dzekutengesa dzinoparidzwa nezvinomera kuitira kuti dzive nehunhu hwadzo.
Vechidiki uye kudzidziswa
Mumakore ekutanga, muorivhi unoita midzi yakasimba uye yakasimba pamusoro pevhu. Kazhinji inosimwa kunzvimbo yayo yekupedzisira makore 2-5 mushure mekuzvarwa kwayo.
Kupinda mukugadzira
Muti wemuorivhi mudiki unogona kutanga kubereka michero mukati megore rechitatu kusvika rechitanhatu, kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kwakazara Inosvika pakati pemakore gumi ne10, zvichienderana nemhando uye kutarisirwa. Kuti uwedzere kugadzirwa kwayo, zvingave zvinobatsira kuongorora yedu Nyaya yenguva yekutora maorivhi cuttings.
Kukura
Mumakore awo okukura, muorivhi unogona kubereka miorivhi yakawanda, inoshandiswa pazvose zviri zviviri mafuta uye patafura. Panguva ino, muti wacho unosvika pakureba kwayo, ine hunde dzakamonyoroka uye korona huru.
Senescence uye kukwegura
Kuchembera kwomusikirwo kunosanganisira kudzikiswa zvishoma nezvishoma mukugadzirwa. Zvisinei, nemaitiro akakodzera ekuchekerera nekugadzirisa, zvinokwanisika kuwedzera hupenyu hunobatsira uye hunobudirira hwemuti kwemazana emakore.
Mienzaniso chaiyo yemiti yemiorivhi yekare uye yakareba kwenguva refu
Kune akawanda emiti yemiorivhi muMedithera inoonekwa seyechokwadi zviyeuchidzo zvechisikigo. Zvimwe zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvi:
- Vouves Olive Tree (Krete, Greece): Inofungidzirwa kuti yekare kudarika pasi rose, ine fungidziro yezera pakati pe2000 ne4000 yemakore, haisi kungorarama chete, asi inoramba ichibudisa maorivhi gore negore.
- Iyo Farga yeArion (Tarragona, Spain): Imwe yemiti yemuorivhi yekaresa muSpain, inotangira makore anopfuura 1700 XNUMX.
- Muorivhi kubva kuAbrantes (Portugal): Inofungidzirwa kuva nemakore anopfuura 3300, maererano neongororo dzichangobva kuitwa.
- Al-Badawi (pedyo neBheterehema): Iyi 12-metres-yakakwirira-yemuenzaniso, ine hunde yakakurisa, inofungidzirwa kuve inopfuura makore 4000 uye inoramba iri mumamiriro ekuchengetedza anoshamisa.
- Muti weOlive kubva kuSóller (Mallorca, Spain): Inofungidzirwa kune makore angangoita 1000 uye ichiri mukugadzirwa.
- Muorivhi kubva kuAllouville-Bellefosse (France): Anopfuura makore 1200, inotova nekachechi kadiki mukati.
Nzira yekuverenga makore emuorivhi
Kuziva zera chairo remuorivhi idambudziko nekuda kwayo kukura kusingaite Sezvo, nekufamba kwenguva, pakati pehunde inogona kupera nekuda kwekuora kwechisikigo kana kuputika. Saka, nzira dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeidzi:
- Dendrochronology: Inosanganisira kuverenga zvindori zvekukura, kunyange mumuorivhi zvakaoma nekuda kwekusagadzikana uye kuvapo kwehuni yakafa.
- Kufungidzira nedhayamita uye perimeter: Inoenderana nekukura kwehunde kuzera, kunyangwe mwero wekukura unogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze.
- Historical uye archaeological dating: Kana miti yakabatana nezviitiko zvezvakaitika kare kana kuonekwa muzvinyorwa zvekare zvekare.
Zvikonzero zvekukwegura uye kufa kwemuti wemuorivhi
Pasinei nekusimba kwayo, miorivhi inokwegura uye inogona kufa, kunyange zvazvo isingawanzoitiki. Zvikonzero zvikuru zvinoderedza hupenyu hwavo ndezvi:
- Madenda nezvirwere: Fungi dzakadai seVerticillium, mabhakitiriya, tupukanana tunoboora huni (huni, nhunzi), uye mavhairasi zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kunouraya. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, ona yedu.
- Environmental stress: Kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu, chando chakanyanya kana mafashama akanyanya.
- Kuchekerera zvakanyanya kana zvisina kufanira: Vanogona kuderedza muti uye kufambisa kupinda kwezvirwere.
- Kutanga kushandiswa kwekushongedza: Miti yemiorivhi yakawanda yemazana emakore inotengeswa semiti yekushongedza, iyo inosanganisira kufa kwavo kana kuchinjwa kunorwadza.
Muorivhi unomira rini kubereka?
Iko hakuna zera rakajairwa, sezvo zvinoenderana nekutonga, genetics, uye nharaunda. Zvisinei, muorivhi unonyatsotarisirwa unogona kuramba uchibereka michero kunyange kupfuura makore 500. Kuderera kunofambira mberi mukugadzirwa kunowanzogadziriswa nemhando yakasiyana yemafuta anowanikwa kubva mumiti yekare.
Nguva yekudyara kana kumutsiridza muorivhi?
Kudyara miti yemuorivhi yevanhu vakuru kwave kwakakurumbira kune zvese zvekurima uye zvekushongedza kushandiswa. Nguva dzakanakisisa dzekuita izvi ndeye autumn uye chitubu, apo kushungurudzika kwemvura kwakaderera uye midzi inogona kugadzirisa. The transplanting technique rejuvenation kuburikidza nekuchekerera kwakanyanya Inoshandawo mukudzoreredza simba kune zana-makore-ekare kana zviuru-makore-e-ekare emuenzaniso.
Mhando dzeOlive uye maitiro avo pahupenyu hurefu
Kune mazana e marudzi omuorivhi Yakagadziridzwa kune akasiyana mamiriro uye kushandiswa, mazhinji ayo anomira pachena nehupenyu hwakareba, kuoma, uye mhando yemichero. Pakati peanonyanya kukosheswa nekugona kwavo kurarama kwemazana emakore akawanda ndeaya:
- Mufananidzo: Inotonga muJaén, Spain, ine mafuta emhando yepamusoro uye kuramba kunoshamisa. Unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvekusarudza mhando yakanyatsokodzera chirimwa chako.
- Farga: Yakagara kwenguva refu, inowanikwa mumiti yemuorivhi yekare pamhenderekedzo yeMediterranean yeSpain.
- Koroneiki: Inonyanya kuwanikwa muGreece, ine miti yakareba uye inobereka.
- Arbequina: Kukurumidza kukura, kuchinjika kwakanaka uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya muminda mitsva.
- Empeltre uye Hojiblanca: Ose ari maviri ane hupenyu hurefu uye anomiririra mumatunhu akadai seAragon neAndalusia zvakateerana.
Zvinhu zvinokonzera kukura kwemuti wemuorivhi
El kukura kwegore negore kwomuorivhi zvinosiyana nezera, zvakasiyana uye zvakatipoteredza:
- Mumakore ekutanga, muorivhi unogona kukura pakati pe30 ne60 cm pagore kana ukagamuchira kutarisirwa kwakakwana.
- Kukura kwekukura kunononoka nezera, kunyanya mushure mekusvika pakukura (kubva pamakore gumi kusvika gumi nemashanu).
- Kuchekerera, kudiridza, uye kuisa fetereza mumakore ekutanga ndizvo zvakakosha pakusimudzira budiriro uye hupenyu hurefu.
Muorivhi munhoroondo uye tsika
Muorivhi wanga uri munhoroondo yose chiratidzo che rugare, uchenjeri, kusafa uye rombo Mutsika dzakawanda. Yakatsaurirwa kuna vamwari vakadai saAthena muGreece, chiratidzo chokukunda kuvaRoma, uye mutakuri worugare nokuda kwamaKristu, mufananidzo wayo unoramba uripo mumifananidzo yazvino uno, sebazi romuorivhi pamureza weUN.
Munguva dzekare, maGiriki aipa shasha dzeOlympic nemaruva emuorivhi, uye tsika dzeMediterranean dzakagara dzichiona muti sechinhu chepakati pehupfumi hwavo hwekumaruwa netsika. Mafuta emuorivhi nekugadzirwa kwemuorivhi chikamu chakakosha chekuzivikanwa kweMediterranean.
Curiosities uye mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa nezve hupenyu hurefu hwemuti wemuorivhi
- Ndeupi muorivhi wekaresa pasi rose? Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidzira muorivhi weVouves (Krete) uye ku Al-Badawi pedyo neBethlehema semukurusa, ane makore anopfuura 3000-4000 makore, kunyangwe kufambidzana kwavo chaiko kuchiri kukakavara.
- Muorivhi ungapora pakukuvadzwa kwakakomba here? Nekuda kwekugona kwayo kukura kubva pachigadziko uye kuchinjika kwayo kwemuviri, miorivhi mizhinji inopona nemoto, kuchekerera zvakanyanya, uye kunyange kuisirwa pazera rakakura.
- Nei muorivhi dzimwe nguva uchirega kubereka michero nokukurumidza? Inogona kunge iri nekuda kwezvirwere, zvipembenene, kupera kwevhu, kunetseka kwemvura, kana kukanganisa kwekuchekerera. Muorivhi une utano, unochengetwa zvakanaka unogona kuramba uchibereka muchero kwemazana emakore.
- Ichokwadi here kuti miorivhi miti 'isingafi'? Iko hakuna kusafa kwehupenyu, asi muti wemuorivhi unozivikanwa nehupenyu hwawo hurefu, kugona kwayo kukura, uye kuramba kwayo kuzvirwere uye zvakanyanya mamiriro. Kubereka kweClonal kunobvumirawo kuti genetic material yemuti wemuorivhi irarame nekusingaperi.
- Chii chakavanzika chemakemikari chehupenyu hwayo hurefu? Chikamu chechakavanzika chayo chiri muoleuropein uye mamwe ma phenolic compounds aripo muhuni nemashizha, ayo anoita sechisikigo antioxidants uye anodzivirira muti kubva kune hutachiona, uchigadzirisa hutachiona hwakakanganisika.
Mazano ekuwedzera hupenyu hurefu hwemuti wemuorivhi
- Kusarudza zvakasiyana-siyana kumamiriro ekunze nevhu.
- Nguva dzose uye yakagadziridzwa kuchekerera kusvika pakukura uye hutano hwemuti.
- Kudiridza kunodzorwa uye kudzivirira mafashamo.
- Balanced fertilization, kunyanya muvhu rakashata.
- Phytosanitary control kurwisa zvipembenene nezvirwere.
- Organic farming kana kubatanidzwa kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye hutano hwevhu.
La upenyu hwomuorivhi Ndiyo imwe yehukuru hukuru hwehupenyu uye hutsika hupfumi hweMediterranean. Uchapupu hwezvakaitika kare, chiratidzo cherugare uye hupenyu hurefu, uye chitubu chisingaperi chemafuta nemiorivhi, muorivhi unosanganisira kusimba uye kubatana pakati pezvisikwa uye tsika. Kutenderera kwehupenyu hwayo, kunoratidzwa nemazana emakore ekubudirira uye kusimba, kunoita kuti uve muti wakasiyana uye usingatsivike. Kunzwisisa uye kuremekedza zvido zvayo, pamwe nekuchengetedza zvidhori zvekare, ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekuchengetedza nhaka mhenyu yakachengetedza zvizvarwa uye icharamba ichikurudzira kwemazana emakore.
