Kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvirimwa zvako nezvirimwa zvinokura zvine hutano uye zvakasimba, kuwedzera kune kushivirira kwakawanda uye rudo, chengetedza ivhu nemaitiro akasimbaSekuziva kwePlater yega yega, ivhu rinofanira kuiswa mupfudze nguva nenguva, kunyanya muhari, sezvo inorasikirwa nezvokudya nyore nyore. Imwe yedzakanakisa nzira dzekuita izvi ndeye manyowa chaiwo. Mupfudze is a fetiraiza Yakanakira marudzi ese ezvirimwa uye zvinomera, kunyanya izvo zvinobva kumhuka dzinodya herbivorous pasina mishonga yemakemikari. Hunhu hwemupfudze huchaenderana ne kudya kwemhuka uye kugara zvakanaka, saka huwandu hwemombe dzakadyiwa mumapurazi hadzina kufanana nedzemombe dziri kufura.
Muchikamu chino iwe unowana, mune zvakadzama zvakadzama, iyo mhando dzemanyowa uye maitiro avo, nzira yekusarudza iyo chaiyo, fungidziro dosages, zvakanakira, zvidziviriro zvekushandisa, kubata, uye kusimudzira sarudzo kuderedza kunhuhwirira uye kuburitsa.
Chii chinonzi manyowa uye nei uchiishandisa?
El mupfudze Inoumbwa netsvina yemhuka uye weti, kazhinji yakasanganiswa zvinhu zvekurara (mashanga, masawdust), zvimedu zvekudya nemvura. Ifetereza yakakwana ine NPK macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus uye potassium) uye micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn, pakati pevamwe). Pamusoro pe, inopa organic matter, kunatsiridza chimiro chevhu, kufefetedza kwemhepo, kuchengetedza mvura, uye kuita kwe microbial. Kuumbwa kwayo kunosiyana zvichienderana nemhando, chikafu, manejimendi, uye kuchengetedza system, saka manyowa haana kufanana.
- Zvakanakira zvikuru: inovandudza kubereka, inowedzera kuchengetedza kwemvura, inofarira ma microorganisms uye inogona kuderedza kukukurwa.
- Kufunga: Kuva chisikwa, ayo kusiyana-siyana complicates dosage; uye kana chiri chitsva chingava nacho utachiona nembeu yemasora asingadiwi.
Refer:
Marudzi anonyanya kushandiswa emupfudze
Kune marudzi akasiyana emupfudze, zvimwe zvakajairika mune zvekurima zvehunyanzvi uye zvimwe mumagadheni emaguta kana mabasa ekurima. Muzviitiko zvose, zvinokurudzirwa compost kana kukura usati washandisa kudzivirira kutsva, kunhuwa uye njodzi dzehutano.
Mufudze webhiza
Bhiza rave richishamwaridzana nevanhu mumaruwa, uye kunyange tsvina yaro yakakura kunobva organic matter. Yakanakira composting uye vermicomposting nekuti inoora nyore uye sadza rayo rinopa structural fiber. Kazhinji ine zvine mwero kudya kunovaka muviri: approx. 0,6% N, 0,6% P, 0,4% K uye kutsvaga zvinhu. Nokudaro, inogona kuwedzerwa ne liquid worm castings kana iwe uchitsvaga imwe yekuwedzera kudya kunovaka muviri.
Yakurudzirwa nyika dzakakukurwa pakukwanisa kwayo aerate uye fluff ivhu. Muzvirimwa zvinoda potassium (mbatatisi, nyemba), yakaenzana uye kupisa kwekuora inovandudza chimiro uye mvura. Sezvo inogona kuva mhodzi dzesora, zvinokurudzirwa kuita manyowa zvakanaka.
PaPur Plant, kuita yedu Organic fetiraiza yakagadzirwa kubva purebred Spanish horse manyowa pellets, tinowana mbichana kubva kuLevante Horses equestrian centre, uko mhuka dzinochengetwa mu semi-freedom nechokwadi chemhando yepamusoro. Kuva pedyo nenzvimbo yekugadzira kunofarira a hupfumi hwemunharaunda uye hwakagadzikana.
Mufudze wemakwai
Mupfudze wemakwai ndeimwe yeakawanda akapfuma uye ane mwero. Inopa huwandu hwakawanda hwe zvinovaka muviri uye zvicherwa uye anoita se microbial inoculant. Inowanzosanganiswa nemashanga nebvudzi, kuwedzera mupiro we senitrogenInoora nekukurumidza uye inoburitsa zvinovaka muviri munguva pfupi, saka zvinokurudzirwa usapfuure dose kudzivirira kutsva. A common reference is 3-5 kg/m² muvhu rakashata, kugadzirisa maererano nekuongorora.
Ndove yemombe
Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima kwechinyakare, ndove yemombe zvimwe urombo mu nitrogen kupfuura vamwe, vane fungidziro yetsika dze 0,6% N, 0,3% P uye 0,4% K. Inomiririra yayo yakakwira organic matter content, nokudaro kuvandudza chimiro chevhu uye kukwanisa kwayo kuchengetwa kwemvuraMumamiriro okunze anotonhora, inoshandiswawo se natural padding. Inofanira kunge yakakoswa kuti ideredze utachiona nembeu herbal. Indicative dosage: 1-5 kg/m² yakabatanidzwa muvhu; se mulch, huwandu hwakakura hunogona kushandiswa nguva dzose kure nemutsipa wechirimwa.
Huku manyowa (chicken droppings)
Mupfudze wehuku musanganiswa wetsvina yakasimba uye yemvura, saka yayo nitrogen yakanyanyaIfetereza ine simba asi zvayo acidity uye upfumi mukati calcio manikidza kunzvenga mukati calcareous ivhu. Mukuwedzera, kusungirirwa kwayo kunogona kukonzera kupisa kana kusina kuumbwa kana kuderedzwa. Akanaka uye akangwarira doses, semuenzaniso 20-30 g / m² sechigadziriso, ivo vanoshanda mukati zvirimwa zvemashizha uye kukurudzira kukura kwezvinomeraMupfudze wehuku (liquid ferment) inoderedza acidity uye inobvumira kunwa kuri nani.
Mupfudze wetsuro
Kuzivikanwa nokuda kwake simba guru rekudya, fungidziro dzetsika dzakatorwa 4% N, 4% P uye 1% K. Kunyanya kukoshesa uye netsika yeku acidity, vagadziri vakawanda vanozviita kuvirisa kwemwedzi 2-3 usati wanyorera. Vamwe vanhu vanoishandisa mukati mabhora akaoma zvakananga muvhu nekuda kwechimiro chayo uye hunyoro hwakaderera; zvisinei, iyo yakachengeteka sarudzo yekudzivisa kutsva ndeye compost iyo wozvisanganisa nemamwe manyowa kana carbonaceous matter.
Mufudze wembudzi
De kudya kwakakwana, inoora nokukurumidza, inovandudza chimiro chevhu uye inokurudzira microbial chiitiko. Inokosheswa nekugona kwayo muminda yemiriwo uye DIY gadheni. Sechinongedzo chinoshanda, dzinogona kushandiswa 0,5-2 kg/m² muvhu rakashata, kugadzirisa maererano nezvinodiwa uye kuongororwa kwevhu. Muzvizhinji zvinogona kunetsa kuwana.
Mupfudze wenguruve
Con yakakwirira nitrogen uye phosphorus, inowanzobatwa nenzira ye slurry (mvura). Inoshandiswa nyore nyore uye inokurumidza kubatwa, asi inoda kuchenjerera nekuda kwekunhuhwirira kwayo kwakasimba uye kugona kwe kusvibiswa kwemvura kana isina kubatwa zvakanaka. Nguva ye kugadzirisa isati yashandiswa uye nguva dzose iri pasi pemaitiro eunyanzvi, kudzivisa kushandiswa pavhu rakazara nemvura kana rakatsvuka.
Guano uye worm humus
El guano Ndiko kuunganidzwa kwetsvina inobva zviremwaremwa neshiri dzegungwa munzvimbo dzakaoma, dzine hupfumi hwakanyanya mukati NPKIfetereza zvinobudirira uye, kana iri bat guano, kugamuchirwa kukuru nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana kwayo muzvinhanho zvese zvekurima uye nekuwedzera kwayo kuri pakati nepakati. Inogona kuiswa mukati fomu yakasimba kana yemvura, kunyangwe zvake coste inowanzova yakakwirira.
El pasiworm humus Icho chigadzirwa chekuparara kwe organic matter nehonye, nehukuru kugadzikana, ma microorganisms anobatsira uye humic compounds. Inovandudza chimiro chevhu, inokurudzira kukura uye inowedzera kurwisa zvipembeneneMushonga unoyevedza wemupfudze wechivanhu.
Manyowa anoti: matsva, semi-akaporeswa uye akaporeswa
Pane nyika nhatu zvakajairika: nyowani, semi-yakaporeswa uye yakarapwa. manyowa matsva inogona kushandiswa mu solarization Kuparadza ivhu kubva kune zvipembenene, fungi uye spores: riparadzire richifukidza pamusoro, rifukidze ne mapurasitiki uye inosiiwa muzuva kwemwedzi inoverengeka, ichitora mukana wokupisa nokuvirisa kubvisa zvipembenene.
El mupfudze wakarapwa Yakatora nguva ichikura muzuva (mavhiki kana mwedzi, zvichienderana nemusanganiswa), haiviri kana kunhuwidza, uye inogona kushandiswa zvakachengeteka. The semi-kurapwa pane imwe nzvimbo pakati. Muzviitiko zvese, the controlled composting Ndiyo nzira yakachengeteka yekudzikamisa zvinovaka muviri, kuderedza kunhuhwirira uye kudzivirira phytotoxicity.
Composting, manejimendi uye zvinobatika zvinokurudzira
Para tora zvakanakisa kubva mundove, ikwidze uye/kana kuti mupfudze zvakanaka. Iyo nzira inoderedza utachiona, mhodzi yemasora uye munhuwiPanguva yekugadzira manyowa, zvimwe zvinovaka muviri zvinorasika. nitrogen yakaoma, saka zvinokurudzirwa kuenzanisa bhatiri (C / N ratio) uye funga mipiro inopindirana (e.g. dota rakarapirwa zvakanaka reK, kana mvura humus yemicronutrients).
- Kuongorora kwevhu: inosarudza zvinodiwa chaizvo uye inodzivisa kunyanyisa.
- Chikumbiro: pamusoro sea padded o Yakabatanidzwa kushandisa basa rakareruka. Dzivisa kusangana zvakananga nemadzinde.
- Nguva: nani mukati kugadzirira chirongwa uye kuisirwa, kana pamwero wakaderera sechirimwa chekuvhara.
- Kutenderedza mbeu: kubatsira kuti shandisa zvinovaka muviri uye kudzivirira kuungana kwezvirwere.
Sustainability, emissions uye ammonia control
Mupfudze unogona kubuda methane (CH4) y nitrous oxide (N2O) zvichienderana nekuti dzinobatwa sei. Kuunganidza, kuvhara mirwi, kupatsanura zvikamu, uye kushandisa panguva dzakakodzera kunoderedza kuburitswa. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, nitrogen mupiro kubva kumhuka inogadziriswa (semuenzaniso, 170 kg/ha munzvimbo dzine njodzi), kuchengetedza ivhu nemvura. Kutarisira zvine ungwaru kwakakosha kune a kurima kwakasimba.
La pyrolysis yemupfudze inogona kutarisisa zvinovaka muviri, kuderedza huwandu uye kubvisa kunhuwa, zvichiita kuti pave nefetireza yepamusoro. Dzimwe sarudzo dzakadai se biogas neanaerobic digestion kana Kompositi yemarara yemumaguta kubatsira ku denderedzwa hupfumiMudzimba dzezvipfuyo, kutonga kwe ammonia (NH3) — inogumbura gasi inogadzirwa ne microbial decomposition - yakakosha kune kugara zvakanaka kwemhuka uye vashandi. Mhinduro dzinobva pane zvakatorwa kubva yucca schidigera (semuenzaniso, De-Odorase®) kubatsira kuderedza ammonia concentrations papurazi.
Pamusangano weAlltech ONE Ideas technical conference, Dr. Saheed Salami vakasimbisa kuti mupfudze ndiwo wakakodzera nitrous oxide, uye kuti kune mamwe mapurazi emukaka akasimba, chiito chinofanira kutorwa papurazi rose: kuvandudza digestibility zvemigove, deredza zvinongedzo ne high carbon content uye shandisa zviri nani senitrogen chekudya.
Kusarudzwa kwemupfudze uye inokurudzirwa dosage
Sarudzo inobva pane zvirimwa zvinodiwa, mhando yevhu, kuwanikwa, uye mutengo. Segwara rinoshanda rakavakirwa pane akasiyana tekinoroji masosi:
- Mombe: 1-5 kg / m² yakabatanidzwa; mu mulching, yakawanda yakawanda ne kungwara.
- Bhiza: 1-5 kg/m², yakanakira activate compost uye ivhu rine mweya.
- Makwai: 3-5 kg/m² nekuda kwekupfuma kwayo uye nekukurumidza zvicherwa.
- Hen: 20-30 g/m² yakanaka kugadzirisa; manyowa kuderedza acidity.
- Mbudzi: 0,5-2 kg/m², zvakanaka chiyero zvinovaka muviri.
- Tsuro: shandisa mushure kuvirisa kana kusanganiswa; mwero mishonga.
- Nguruve (slurry): shandisa ne mazano technician kunzvenga kumhanya.
- Guano/Humus: kumeso compementary nekudzikamisa kwayo kana kugadzikana.
Cherechedzo: Mimwe miitiro yekufurira mupfudze wemombe inoshandiswa mishonga yakakwirira (makirogiramu akati wandei pa m²) chete se mulch uye pasina kusangana nemadzinde, chimwe chinhu chinoda technical criteria kudzivirira kukanganisa.
Muchimiro chayo chikuru, iyo mhando dzemupfudze Iro ivhu rinowanikwa kubva mumarara emhuka nemiviri yavo iri kuora, uye rinoshandiswa kuita kuvandudza kunaka kwevhu uye kuwedzera goho.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, manyowa, chigadzirwa chekuparara kwe organic matter, kunyanya yemhuka, is a fetiraiza chaiyo Kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Mukurima kwehunyanzvi, uko kushanda nesimba uye kubereka kwakakosha, marudzi akasiyana emupfudze (mombe, bhiza, gwai, huku, nguruve) uye zvisingawanikwe (tsuro, mbudzi, guano y pasiworm humus), imwe neimwe ine maficha uye mabhenefiti kongiri.
Manyowa anoti: matsva, semi-akaporeswa uye akaporeswa
Pane nyika nhatu zvakajairika: nyowani, semi-yakaporeswa uye yakarapwa. manyowa matsva inogona kushandiswa mu solarization Kuparadza ivhu kubva kune zvipembenene, fungi uye spores: riparadzire richifukidza pamusoro, rifukidze ne mapurasitiki uye inosiiwa muzuva kwemwedzi inoverengeka, ichitora mukana wokupisa nokuvirisa kubvisa zvipembenene.
El mupfudze wakarapwa Yakatora nguva ichikura muzuva (mavhiki kana mwedzi, zvichienderana nemusanganiswa), haiviri kana kunhuwidza, uye inogona kushandiswa zvakachengeteka. The semi-kurapwa pane imwe nzvimbo pakati. Muzviitiko zvese, the controlled composting Ndiyo nzira yakachengeteka yekudzikamisa zvinovaka muviri, kuderedza kunhuhwirira uye kudzivirira phytotoxicity.
Composting, manejimendi uye zvinobatika zvinokurudzira
Para tora zvakanakisa kubva mundove, ikwidze uye/kana kuti mupfudze zvakanaka. Iyo nzira inoderedza utachiona, mhodzi yemasora uye munhuwiPanguva yekugadzira manyowa, zvimwe zvinovaka muviri zvinorasika. nitrogen yakaoma, saka zvinokurudzirwa kuenzanisa bhatiri (C / N ratio) uye funga mipiro inopindirana (e.g. dota rakarapirwa zvakanaka reK, kana mvura humus yemicronutrients).
- Kuongorora kwevhu: inosarudza zvinodiwa chaizvo uye inodzivisa kunyanyisa.
- Chikumbiro: pamusoro sea padded o Yakabatanidzwa kushandisa basa rakareruka. Dzivisa kusangana zvakananga nemadzinde.
- Nguva: nani mukati kugadzirira chirongwa uye kuisirwa, kana pamwero wakaderera sechirimwa chekuvhara.
- Kutenderedza mbeu: kubatsira kuti shandisa zvinovaka muviri uye kudzivirira kuungana kwezvirwere.
Sustainability, emissions uye ammonia control
Mupfudze unogona kubuda methane (CH4) y nitrous oxide (N2O) zvichienderana nekuti dzinobatwa sei. Kuunganidza, kuvhara mirwi, kupatsanura zvikamu, uye kushandisa panguva dzakakodzera kunoderedza kuburitswa. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, nitrogen mupiro kubva kumhuka inogadziriswa (semuenzaniso, 170 kg/ha munzvimbo dzine njodzi), kuchengetedza ivhu nemvura. Kutarisira zvine ungwaru kwakakosha kune a kurima kwakasimba.
La pyrolysis yemupfudze inogona kutarisisa zvinovaka muviri, kuderedza huwandu uye kubvisa kunhuwa, zvichiita kuti pave nefetireza yepamusoro. Dzimwe sarudzo dzakadai se biogas neanaerobic digestion kana Kompositi yemarara yemumaguta kubatsira ku denderedzwa hupfumiMudzimba dzezvipfuyo, kutonga kwe ammonia (NH3) — inogumbura gasi inogadzirwa ne microbial decomposition - yakakosha kune kugara zvakanaka kwemhuka uye vashandi. Mhinduro dzinobva pane zvakatorwa kubva yucca schidigera (semuenzaniso, De-Odorase®) kubatsira kuderedza ammonia concentrations papurazi.
Pamusangano weAlltech ONE Ideas technical conference, Dr. Saheed Salami vakasimbisa kuti mupfudze ndiwo wakakodzera nitrous oxide, uye kuti kune mamwe mapurazi emukaka akasimba, chiito chinofanira kutorwa papurazi rose: kuvandudza digestibility zvemigove, deredza zvinongedzo ne high carbon content uye shandisa zviri nani senitrogen chekudya.
Kusarudzwa kwemupfudze uye inokurudzirwa dosage
Sarudzo inobva pane zvirimwa zvinodiwa, mhando yevhu, kuwanikwa, uye mutengo. Segwara rinoshanda rakavakirwa pane akasiyana tekinoroji masosi:
- Mombe: 1-5 kg / m² yakabatanidzwa; mu mulching, yakawanda yakawanda ne kungwara.
- Bhiza: 1-5 kg/m², yakanakira activate compost uye ivhu rine mweya.
- Makwai: 3-5 kg/m² nekuda kwekupfuma kwayo uye nekukurumidza zvicherwa.
- Hen: 20-30 g/m² yakanaka kugadzirisa; manyowa kuderedza acidity.
- Mbudzi: 0,5-2 kg/m², zvakanaka chiyero zvinovaka muviri.
- Tsuro: shandisa mushure kuvirisa kana kusanganiswa; mwero mishonga.
- Nguruve (slurry): shandisa ne mazano technician kunzvenga kumhanya.
- Guano/Humus: kumeso compementary nekudzikamisa kwayo kana kugadzikana.