Kurimwa kwemiti yemiarimondi (prunus dulcis) ndeimwe yembiru dzekurima kweMediterranean uye mamwe matunhu ane mwero. Nekudaro, iyo purofiti uye kunaka kwegoho inogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nekuvapo kwezvipembenene zvakasiyana uye zvirwere. Munguva yese yekuvandudzwa kwemuti wemuarumondi, kunyanya mu nguva dzekutungira, maruva nekubereka, zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kurwisa mashizha, nhungirwa, michero nemidzi, kuchinja kukura kwemuti uye kuderedza kuwanda uye kunaka kwezvibereko.
Nzwisisa kuti ndezvipi zvipembenene zvearumondi zvakakosha, kuti ungazvizivisa sei, biology yavo uye kutenderera kwehupenyu, pamwe ne kudzora mazano Nzira dzinonyanya kushanda dzakakosha kune chero murimi, nyanzvi yezvekurima, kana hobbyist anoda kuwana maarumondi ane hutano uye kuchengetedza mari yavo. Muchinyorwa chino chakadzama uye chakadzama, uchawana zvese zvaunoda kuti uone, kudzivirira, kurwisa, uye kutonga zvizere "vavengi" vemuti wemuarumondi, uchibatanidza zvakajairwa, zvipenyu, tsika, uye zvipenyu, uchigara uchichengetedza ruzivo rwakakwana uye rwemazuva ano.
Main almond tupukanana uye kuzivikanwa kwavo
Zvipembenene zvinowanzoitika uye zvinokuvadza mumiti yemuarumondi zvinogona kuiswa maererano ne nhengo yavanorwisa uye danho rekutenderera kwazvinowanzoitika. Pakati pezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvi:
- Green aphid (Myzus persicae nemamwe marudzi): Inonyanya kurwisa nhungirwa diki nemashizha manyoro.
- Tsvuku tsvuku (Panonychus ulmi): Inokonzera kukanganisa kumashizha, kuderedza photosynthetic simba.
- Almond Tiger (Monosteira unicostata): Zvinokonzeresa kupeta uye kushanduka kwemashizha.
- Mosquito yegirini yealmond (Jacoisca lybica): Inodyisa muto, inokonzera deformations uye necrosis.
- Pfura mugodhi (anarsia lineatella): Kunyanya kunokanganisa nhungirwa diki nemichero.
- Gonye rine musoro mukuru (Capnodis tenebrionis): Kukuvadza kwakanyanya kumidzi uye zvikamu zvehuni.
- Almond wasp (Eurytoma amygdali): Inobaya uye inoparadza mukati memuchero.
- gonye remuarumondi (Ectomyelois ceratoniae y Aglaope infausta): Inorwisa mashizha nemichero mumatanho akasiyana-siyana.
- Almond borer (Ruguloscolytus amygdali): Beetle inoderedza matavi nenhungirwa, zvichikonzera kuoma nekudonha kwebud.
Kuzivikanwa chaiko kwakakosha kuti utore iyo kudzora mazano zvakakodzera zvakanyanya, kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwehupfumi uye kukanganisa kukuru kwechirimwa.
Almond red spider (Panonychus ulmi): zviratidzo uye kudzora
La Tsvuku tsvuku Iyo mite iyo, yakatanga kuonekwa sechirwere chechipiri, yakawedzera kukosha kwayo mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwekukuvadza kwayo kwakananga uye kusina kunanga kwekugadzirwa uye hutano hwemiti.
- ID: Vakuru varipo a saizi isingasviki 0,5 mmRuvara rwavo runoshanduka nemwaka: yakatsvuka mumatsutso, yakasvibira muzhizha. Vanowanzowanikwa pasi pemashizha.
- Zviratidzo: Mashizha anoratidza mavara yero nekuda kwekusveta muto, kuenderera mberi kweyero, kupeta, uye, mukubatwa kwakanyanya, miti isati yasvika inodonha. Izvi zvinoderedza simba rephotosynthetic remuti uye zvinounetesa.
- Biological cycle: Ivo overwinter semazai muhunde, reactivating muchirimo. Mumamiriro ekudziya, akaoma, kutenderera kwavo kunowedzera, kubereka zvizvarwa zvakawanda pagore.
Kudzora nekudzivirira:
- Dzivisa kuwandisa nitrogen fertilization, sezvo inosimudzira kukura kwematehwe manyoro anogona kurwisa.
- Kurudzirai kuvapo kwezvikara zvepanyama zvakadai se Amblyseius californicus uye dzimwe phytoseiid mite.
- Mukurima organic, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvakadai se maltodextrin uye mafuta emiriwo anogona kuva imwe nzira inoshanda.
- Kana kudzorwa kwemakemikari kuchikosha, shandisa ma acaricides chaiwo, uchichinjanisa zvinhu zvinoshanda kuti usadzivirirwe. Gara uchinyorera zvinoenderana nekurudziro yehunyanzvi uye chete kana zvikumbaridzo zvehuwandu zvichizvipembedza.
Green aphid nemamwe marudzi (Myzus persicae, Brachycaudus amygdalinus): kukuvadza uye mazano ekugadzirisa
El green aphid uye mamwe marudzi emaaphid anoumba rimwe remapoka ane ngozi zvikuru ezvipembenene zvemiti yemuarumondi, kwete chete nekuda kwekukuvara kwavo kwakananga, asiwo nekuda kwekukwanisa kwavo kuparadzira mavhairasi uye kuita kuti kuonekwa kwezvirwere zvefungal.
- ID: Green aphid, kubva 1-2 mm kureba, ine chitarisiko chakatsetseka uye chakapfava. Vanounganidza nhungirwa nemashizha.
- Zviratidzo: Yakamonyoroka kana yakamonerwa nhungirwa ine makoroni mukati, kuvapo kwe viscous molasses, sooty mold, uye kupera simba kwemuti. Mumatambudziko akaoma, mashizha nemichero miduku inogona kuwira.
- Biological cycle: Mazai anopedza nguva yechando ari mujinga mebuds. Sezvo tembiricha dzinokwira, nyuchi dzekutanga dzinobuda, dzichigadzira zvizvarwa zvakawanda munguva yechirimo.
Kudzora mazano:
- Nguva nenguva tarisa kubuda uye shandisa nzira dzekudzora kana hupfumi hwapfuura (5% yekubuda kwakakanganiswa).
- Kurudzira kuvepo kwevavengi venyama: ladybugs, lacewings, uye parasitoid wasps Ivo vanobatana zvikuru kurwisa hove.
- Shandisa potassium sipo kana mamineral oils mukurima organic kugezesa uye kuderedza koloni.
- Muzviitiko zvakakomba, kushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvakananga kunogona kudiwa, nguva dzose kutevera mazano ehurumende uye kuremekedza mhuka dzinobatsira.
- Dzivisa kuwandisa nitrogen fertilization uye kusagadzikana kwemvura, izvo zvinokurudzira kuwanda kweaphid.
Almond Tiger (Monosteira unicostata): kurwisa uye matanho ekudzivirira
El almond tiger Ibug inoonekwa pakati pezvipembenene zvakanyanya uye zvine ngozi zvezvirimwa, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinodziya uye dzakaoma.
- ID: Vakuru ve 2-2,5 mamirimita, yero-brown, ine mitsetse yakasviba uye nechepasi mutema. Mazai ane ellipsoidal uye machena.
- Zviratidzo: Kuonekwa kwetsvina, huchi uye marara pasi peshizha, kupeta uye yero-white mosaic discoloration pamusoro pepamusoro, kuderedzwa kwephotosynthesis uye kudonha kwemashizha nguva isati yakwana.
- Biological cycle: Zvizvarwa zvitatu kusvika zvina pagore, nebudiriro inofarirwa nekupisa kwakanyanya uye kusanaya kwemvura. Vanopedza chando sevakura vari mumakwati nemarara emashizha.
Matanho ekutarisira:
- Ongorora minda, kunyanya muminda yakarwiswa zvakanyanya makore apfuura.
- Chengetedza kukwana kwakakwana uye kufefetedza kwemhepo uye dzivirira mhando dzinonzwa zvakanyanya.
- Bvisa mashizha akaoma uye tsvina yekudyara munguva yechando kuderedza pekugara.
- Kudzora kemikari kunofanirwa kuitwa chete kana chiitiko ichi chinopfuura 10% yezvipfukuto zvakakanganisika, kusarudza zvinosarudzwa zvinoshanda zvinoremekedza mhuka dzinobatsira.
Mosquito yegirini yealmond (Jacoisca lybica): biology, zviratidzo uye kutonga
El green mosquito Ipembenene inoyamwa inorwisa mashizha uye nhungirwa nyoro, inoderedza muti uye inokanganisa kukura.
- ID: Vakuru vakasvibira, vakarebesa, vanenge 4 mamirimita. Nymphs akafanana asi maduku.
- Cycle: Ine nhanho shanu dzemakonye, uye vanhu vakuru vanoshanda kubva munguva yechando kusvika muzhizha. Mazai anoiswa mutsinga dzemashizha.
- Zviratidzo: Curl, yellow spots, kuderedza kukura uye deformation yemashizha emashizha.
Kudzora: Shandisa chromatic misungo kutarisa uye kudzora vanhu vakuru, kudzivirira zvinomera zvakanyanyisa, uye kushandisa chaiyo phytosanitary zvigadzirwa chete kana nhamba ye nymphs inowedzera kusvika kumazinga anokosha.
Pfura mugodhi (anarsia lineatella): kukuvadza uye kusanganiswa kwekutonga
La pfura mugodhi, kana Anarsia, inonzi lepidopteran inokanganisa zvakanyanya nhungirwa nemichero, kunyanya muchirimo nezhizha.
- ID: Shavishavi rakura rinoyera 10-16 mm, rine mapapiro egrey ane mavara akajeka uye akasviba. Makonye anosvika 15 mm, ane musoro mutema uye muviri une mhete chena uye shava.
- Cycle: Overwintering semakonye mumakwati kana mabuds. Zvizvarwa zvinoverengeka pagore (zvinenge zvitatu), nekurwiswa kwakanyanya muchirimo nechirimo.
- Kukuvadza: Makonye anochera matura munhungirwa nemuchero (zvichikonzera gummosis uye kusvava), uye kudya mhodzi, zvichikonzera kudonha kwemichero.
Maitiro ekutarisira:
- Cheka uye bvisa nhungirwa dzakakanganisika vanhu vakuru vasati vabuda.
- Shandisa pheromone misungo kutarisa uye kuderedza vanhu vakuru.
- Ita marapirwo e phytosanitary panguva yekuchechenya zai, uchishandisa zvakatenderwa zvinoshanda zvinosanganisa uye kuisa pamberi pekutonga kwakabatanidzwa kudzivirira kukura kwekuramba.
Gonye rine musoro mukuru (Capnodis tenebrionis): inotyisidzira midzi yemuti wemuarumondi
El gonhi rine misoro mikuru Inoonekwa seimwe yezvipembenene zvakaipisisa zvemiti yemuarumondi nekuda kwesimba rayo rinoparadza pamidzi nemutsipa wemuti, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kurufu rwemuenzaniso.
- ID: Vatema vakuru vane mavara machena, varume ve 15-20 mamirimita uye vakadzi ve 20-30 mamirimita. Yellowish-white marvae, yakakamukana, inosvika 60-70 mamirimita.
- Cycle: Biannual, ine zvizvarwa zviviri zvemakonye anoitika mumidzi. Vakuru vanobuda muchirimo vokandira mazai muzhizha.
- Kukuvadza: Kukuvadza kukuru kumidzi (inooneka sawdust uye magaraji), kupera simba, defoliation, michero uye kudonha kwebazi, uye, pakupedzisira, kufa kwemuti.
Nzira yekurwisa nayo:
- Shandisai madiridziro akawanda panguva yekukandira mazai kuparadza mazai.
- Bvisa uye paradza miti ine hutachiona pamwe chete nemidzi yayo.
- Shandisa mishonga inosarudzwa yemakemikari kune vanhu vakuru vanobuda, nguva dzose uchitevera mitemo yazvino.
- Kurudzirai kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu uye kuvapo kwevavengi venyama munzvimbo yezvirimwa.
Almond wasp (Eurytoma amygdali): kutenderera, kukanganisa uye kutonga mazano
La almond wasp Ihymenopteran ine magonye anonyura mukati memuarumondi, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwezvirimwa zvinogona kuparadza mumhando dzakasiyana. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kurasikirwa kunopfuura 50% uye kunogona kusvika 90% mumiti yealmond yakapfava.
- ID: Vatema vakuru (vakadzi 7-8 mm, varume 4-6 mm), mazai machena, machena machena kusvika ku10 mm.
- Cycle: Chizvarwa chimwe chete chakakwana pagore. Kuisa kunoitika muchirimo mukati memuchero wechidiki. Makonye anodya mhodzi panguva yese iyi. Munguva yechando, mapere anomera uye anobuda akura muchirimo chinotevera.
- Kukuvadza: Maarumondi asina chinhu uye madiki, michero isingadonhe panguva yekukohwa, uye maarumondi anosviba nekufamba kwenguva.
Kudzora:
- Kubviswa uye kuparadzwa kwezvibereko zvakakanganiswa kukanganisa biological cycle.
- Kusarudzwa kwemhando dzinopesana (yakaoma goko, kutanga maruva).
- Kurapa kwemakemikari kunoshanda chete kune vanhu vakuru; kana vangokandira mazai avo, zvipembenene hazvisvikike mukati mearumondi.
- Kuongorora nemisungo kuona nguva yakakwana yekushandisa phytosanitary zvigadzirwa.
gonye remuarumondi (Ectomyelois ceratoniae y Aglaope infausta): kukanganisa uye kutonga
La gonye remuamanda Inosanganisira akati wandei emhando dzeLepidoptera dzinobata ese mashizha nemichero pamatanho akasiyana ekukura kwemuti.
- Kuzivikanwa (Ectomyelois ceratoniae): Vakuru ve 2-3 cm, grey muruvara rwakasvibira uye ane mapapiro ane makwapa akakona. Makonye epingi ane musoro webrown.
- Kuzivikanwa (Aglaope infausta): Shavishavi diki, mapapiro egrey uye mapapiro matsvuku pabasal half, dema ringed body.
- Cycle: Zvizvarwa zvinoverengeka pagore. Makonye anogona kupfumvutira uye otangazve basa rawo kana muarumondi watungira.
- Kukuvadza: Galleries pamuchero, black droppings, gummy exudations, kuparadzwa kweshizha tishu kunze kwepakati tsinga.
Kutyaira:
- Kushandiswa kwemhando dzinopesana.
- Misungo yekutarisa uye yekutevera ndege yevakuru.
- Kushandiswa kwezvakatenderwa phytosanitary zvigadzirwa panguva yekunyanya kusagadzikana kwehupukanana.
Almond borer (Ruguloscolytus amygdali): zviratidzo uye kudzivirira
El borer Ibhete rinowanzorwisa miti isina simba kana miti yakambobatwa nemamwe majenti, zvichiita kuti maberere mumatavi maduku uye kudonha kwemabuds.
- ID: Yakarebesa, yakasviba bete, 2,5-3 mamirimita, makonye ane ruvara rwakajeka.
- Biological cycle: Kusvikira kuzvizvarwa zvina pagore. Vakuru vanobuda muchirimo, vogadzira maberere, vozvibatanidza nenhungirwa diki. Vanopedza chando pamatavi.
- Zviratidzo: Kuomesa kwepfuti, kudonha kwebud, gummy exudations pamatavi akabatwa.
Kudzora:
- Kubvisa uye kupiswa kwezvikamu zvakakanganisika kana magaraji uye mhute dzechando zvikaonekwa.
- Kugara uchitariswa, kunyanya kana nzvimbo dzepedyo dzakanganiswa.
- Parizvino, hapana zvigadzirwa zvakatenderwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa; kudzora kunofanira kuva kwakavakirwa pamaitiro akanaka etsika nekutarisa nguva dzose.
Kukosha kwezvirwere zvefungal zvine chekuita nekuita kwezvipembenene
Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinoshanda sevector kana mufambisi wekupinda uye kuwanda kwe pathogenic fungi, zvakadai se ocher stain (Polystigma fulvum), kuongorora (Stigmina carpophila), brown kuora kana monilia (Monilia lax), kubvaruka (Taphrina deformans), bazi gomarara (Phomopsis amygdali) uye rusts (Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae) Kuvapo kweaphid uye mealybugs, semuenzaniso, kunogadzira huchi uye kunokurudzira zvirwere zvechipiri senge. ushingi (Cladosporium spp.).
- Kubatanidzwa kwemaitiro ekudzivirira, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwe fungicides inobvumirwa (mhangura, triazoles, strobilurins) mushure mekudonha kwepetal uye mukutonga kwehutachiona mukati mekukura kwezvirimwa.
- Mukurima organic, mhangura uye mabhakitiriya anotora (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) zvakaratidza kushanda mukuderedza kuitika kwezvirwere zvefungal, nepo zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo senge garlic inobvisa, nettle kana horsetail inowedzera kudzivirira uye kurapa.
Nzira dzemazuva ano dzekubatanidza zvipembenene nekudzivirira zvirwere mumaarumondi
Muitiro wepasi rose ndiko kutorwa kwenzira dzakabatanidzwa dzinozivikanwa se Integrated pest and Disease management (IPM), iyo inosanganisa huwandu hwezvishandiso zvekuderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari, kugadzirisa kushanda kwemishonga uye kuchengetedza agroecosystem.
- Biologic control: Nhanganyaya uye kuchengetedzwa kwe zvikara uye parasitoids, senge ladybugs, lacewings, phytoseiid mites, parasitoid wasps uye entomopathogenic bacteria.
- Kudzora kwenyama netsika: Kuchekerera kwehutsanana, kuparadzwa kwemarara ezvirimwa, kubviswa kwemiti ine zvirwere kana zvipembenene zvinogara zvichingoitika, kutenderedzwa kwembesa nekusiyana-siyana kuti zviparadze zvipenyu.
- Kutungamirirwa kwemakemikari: Kungwarira uye kusarudza kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene-chete pachikumbaridzo chekukuvadzwa kwehupfumi - uye nguva dzose kuchinjanisa zvinhu zvinoshanda kudzivirira kuramba.
- Kutarisira ivhu uye biodiversity: Kutenderedza mbesa, kushandiswa kwechivharo chezvirimwa, kudiridza zvine musoro uye kutonga kwefetiraiza, kudyara mhando dzinokwezva mapollinator nemhuka dzinodya nyama.
- Tekinoroji dzemazuva ano: Kuitwa kwemisungo yemavara, mapheromone misungo, kutarisisa kwedhijitari, masensa emamiriro ekunze, uye mamodheru ekufembera.
Maitiro anokurudzirwa mukurima organic kune almond pest control
Mukugadzirwa kweorganic uye ecological, kutonga kwezvipembenene mumiti yemuarumondi kunoda nzira yekudzivirira uye yakarongeka, kudzivirira kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira uye kuremekedza mhuka dzinobatsira uye zvakatipoteredza.
- Wedzera kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu nekudyara heji nemaruva anokwezva kuvavengi vezvakasikwa.
- Shandisa zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo: mafuta eNeem, sipo ye potassium, zvirimwa zvinomera, maltodextrin, mhangura nesarufa.
- Kutarisira ivhu kuburikidza nembesa dzekuvharisa, kutenderedzwa, nekuderedza kurima kuwedzera kusimba kwevhu nemuti.
- Kuchekerera kwakasimba kwehutsanana, kuunganidza uye kuparadzwa kwezvisaririra zvekuchekerera nemichero yakadonha.
- Kushandiswa kwepheromone uye misungo yemavara kuona uye kupindira nekukurumidza pamberi pezvipembenene zvakakosha.
Kuongorora, kuongororwa uye kuita sarudzo: makiyi ekubudirira kutonga
Kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa, kuburikidza nekutarisa kwekuona, kuverenga twupukanana nemashizha, misungo, uye tekinoroji yedhijitari, yakakosha ku:
- Kukurumidza kuonekwa kwezvipembenene nezvirwere.
- Sarudza chikumbaridzo chekuita uye dzivisa kurapwa kusingakoshi.
- Ongorora kushanda kwemaitiro uye zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa.
- Kudzivirira kukanganisa kwakanyanya uye kukura kwekupikisa.
Zvinokurudzirwa kurekodha marapirwo ese akaitwa, kusanganisira misi, zvigadzirwa, dosi, uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, uye kugadzirisa zvirongwa zveramangwana zvichibva pane zvawanikwa.
Yepamberi phytosanitary manejimendi: phytosanitary zvigadzirwa uye adjuvants
Iko kunzwisisika uye kwakachengeteka kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zve phytosanitary kunoramba kuri kiyi yekudzora tupukanana mumiti yemuarumondi mune dzakawanda zviitiko. Mhuri dzechigadzirwa chikuru dzinoshandiswa ndeidzi:
- Systemic mishonga yezvipembenene (semuenzaniso spirotetramat yeaphid uye mealybugs, natural pyrethrins).
- Acaricides zvekudzora dandemutande dzvuku uye mite yakabatana.
- Fungicides (mhangura, triazoles, strobilurins, mabhakitiriya anopesana, nezvimwewo).
- Mabhakitiriya uye zvigadzirwa zve organic mavambo (e.g. Bacillus subtilis).
- Adjuvants (maactivators, ma surfactants, vanopinda uye vanoomerera) kuvandudza kushanda kweapp, kukwirisa kunyura uye kuderedza kurasikirwa nekuda kwekukukurwa kana kuwacha.
Nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinofanirwa kusarudza misanganiswa yakanakisa zvichienderana nemuti wemuarumondi phenology, chipembenene chakanangwa, uye mamiriro chaiwo epurazi rega rega.
Innovation uye ramangwana tarisiro mualmond pest control
Kurima kwakangwara uye kutsvagisa kuri kufambisa kufambira mberi mukutonga kwezvipembenene:
- Kuvandudzwa kwemhando dzearumondi dzinopesana nezvipembenene.
- Biocontrol ne entomopathogenic organisms.
- Kutarisisa nemasensa, zviteshi zvemamiriro ekunze, uye madhijitari ekutanga yambiro masisitimu.
- Kushandiswa kwema drones kuongororwa kwenzvimbo uye kushandiswa kwekurapa.
- Innovation mukugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chitsva uye kuderedzwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda.
Kunyatso gadzirisa zvipembenene zvemuarumondi nezvirwere zvinoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwebiology yavo uye hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekutarisira. Kutora nzira yekudzivirira, kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kubatanidza nzira dzemuviri, tsika, zvipenyu, uye makemikari zvinozochengeta miti yemuarumondi ine utano uye ichibereka kwemakore akawanda, ichideredza njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu.
