El Mvura chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwekurima yepasi rose uye, panguva imwecheteyo, imwe yeakanyanya mashoma. Kutarisira kwayo kwakanaka idambudziko rekukurumidzira, kunyanya mumamiriro eiyo kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuwedzera kwekusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu. Kuziva chii zvirimwa zvinoda mvura yakawanda uye kuti kushandiswa uku kunogovaniswa sei kwakakosha kuenda kune kurima kwakasimba uye kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza chikafu.
Muchinyorwa chino uchawana zvakadzama izvo zvirimwa zvine mutsindo mukuru wemvura, izvo zvinokonzeresa kudyiwa uku, International companiation data, matafura akadzama uye optimization mazano zvakakosha kutarisana nematambudziko matsva ekutonga kwemvura muchikamu chekurima.
Sei zvakakosha kuyera kushandiswa kwemvura muzvirimwa?
Zvekurima zvinoshandisa zvinenge 70% yemvura yakachena inotorwa pasi rose, maererano neFAO, uye mune dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira inogona kusvika ku95%. Kuongorora kwe Mvura yetsoka zvezvirimwa zvinobatsira kuona kuti ndezvipi zvine simba zvakanyanya pazviwanikwa zvemvura uye munzvimbo dzipi dambudziko iri rakakosha.
Kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunowedzera kushaikwa kwemvura uye kunowedzera matambudziko kuvarimi, sezvo kukwira kwetembiricha pamwe nekusandurwa kwemvura zhinji zvichikanganisa kurima. Pamusoro pezvo, kurima kwakakosha mukuchengetedza chikafu, mabasa ekumaruwa, uye hupfumi hwenyika.
Chiyero chezvirimwa zvinodya mvura yakawanda pasi rose
La huwandu hwemvura inodiwa kugadzira chikafu Mamiriro emvura anosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nechirimwa, mamiriro ekunze, ivhu, uye nzira dzekurima dzinoshandiswa. Zvakadaro, zvimwe zvirimwa zvinomira padanho razvo remvura, sezvo zvisingangodyi huwandu hwakakura pakirogiramu inogadzirwa, asi huwandu hwazvo hwekugadzira hunowedzera izvo zvinokanganisa. Pano takanyora anonyanya kukosha:
- Mupunga: Ndicho chimwe chezvirimwa zvinonyanya kushandisa mvura pasi rose. Kugadzira 1 kg, pakati 1.000 uye 4.000 litres, zvichienderana nenharaunda uye nzira yekurima. Kukosha kwayo sechikafu chekudya kunowedzera kukanganisa kwayo kwemvura, kunyanya muAsia, uko inorimwa zvakanyanya nekudyiwa.
- Shuwa: Vanoda 1.500 kusvika 2.000 marita emvura pakirogiramu Maererano neMvura Footprint Network, kunyange izvi zvingasiyana. Zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zvepasi rose zvakamisikidzwa munzvimbo dzakatotarisana nedambudziko remvura, seBrazil neIndia.
- Donje: Kugadzirwa kwayo kunoda pakati 6.000 kusvika 22.500 malita emvura pakirogiramu yefiberKurimwa kwedonje kwakakura kwave nemigumisiro inoshamisa yezvakatipoteredza, sekuoma kweGungwa reAral muCentral Asia.
- Nzungu (maarumondi, pistachios, cashews, nezvimwewo): Kugadzira 1 kg, zvinotora pakati 5.000 uye 10.000 litres yemvura, nemaarumondi eCalifornia ari mumwe wemienzaniso yeparadigmatic: almond imwe chete inogona kuda kusvika 12 litita yemvura.
- Soy: Chirimwa ichi, chakakosha pakudya kwezvipfuyo nemafuta emafuta, chine mwero wemvura 1.600 litres pakirogiramu, asi huwandu hwese hwekugadzirwa hunoita kuti mhedzisiro yacho ive huru.
- Kukotama: Avhareji yepasi rose iri pakati 600 uye 2.000 marita pakirogiramu, kunyange zvazvo mune dzimwe nzvimbo inogona kudarika marita 4.000 XNUMX kana paine kufefeterwa kwakanyanya kana kudiridza kusingashande.
- Plantain: Vanofungidzirwa pakati 790 uye 1.000 marita pakirogiramu, maererano nezvidzidzo zvepasi rose uye mamiriro emunharaunda.
- Gorosi: Unoda zvishoma 1.300 kusvika 1.700 marita pakirogiramu, nekusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze uye nzira dzekudiridza.
- Chibage: Mvura yaro yetsoka inosvika pakati 550 uye 1.200 marita pakirogiramuNdicho chirimwa chinorimwa zvakanyanya pasi rose, kunyangwe chizhinji chacho chinoshandiswa pakudya kwezvipfuyo nemafuta emafuta.
- Mbatatisi: Inofungidzirwa kuti inoshanda, inoda 287 kusvika 300 marita emvura pakirogiramu.
- Maapuro: Kugadzirwa kwayo kunosanganisira 70 kusvika 822 marita emvura pakirogiramu, nemisiyano inocherechedzwa zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze uye nzira dzekurima.
Tafura yemvura inoshandiswa nezvirimwa zvakakosha
Nezvemamiriro ezvinhu, heino tafura yekutungamira ye kushandiswa kwemvura pakirogiramu yezvokudya zvinogadzirwa uye imwe nenzvimbo yepamusoro (hekita), zvinoenderana nezvirimwa zvikuru uye data repakati repakati:
| Tsika | Marita/kg | m³/ha |
|---|---|---|
| Rice | 1.000 - 4.000 | 11.500 |
| Shuwa | 1.280 - 1.800 | Kusvikira 10.000 |
| Nzungu (avhareji) | 5.000 - 10.000 | Kusvikira 12.000 |
| Cotton | 6.000 - 22.500 | - |
| soybean | 1.600 | - |
| Avocado | 600 - 2.000 | Kusvikira 17.000 |
| Gorosi | 1.300 - 1.700 | 1.500 - 4.500 |
| Yucca | 900 | - |
| Banana | 790 - 1.000 | 800 |
| Chibage | 550 - 1.222 | 1.500 - 4.500 |
| Mbatatisi | 287 - 300 | - |
| Apple | 70 - 822 | 70 - 170 |
| Orange | 560 | 6.000 |
| Olive | 3.025 | 3.000 - 6.000 |
| tomaatti | 200 - 300 | 5.000 |
| Strawberry | 300 - 400 | 2.000 |
| Onion | 200 - 300 | 500 - 1.000 |
| Miriwo yakasiyana-siyana | 300 - 1.000 | 3.000 - 5.000 |
Zvinhu zvikuru zvinopesvedzera kushandiswa kwemvura yekurima
Huwandu hwemvura hunodiwa nechirimwa chakasarudzika hunotarwa nehunhu hwayo uye nemamiriro ekunze uye tekinoroji zvinhu:
- Mhando yechirimwa: Zvichienderana nechimiro chavo, zvimwe zvekudya, zvakaita semupunga kana nzungu, zvinoda huwandu hwemvura. Unogonawo kufarira kudzidza zvakawanda nezvazvo Zvimwe pamusoro pekugadzirisa mvura muzvirimwa.
- Zvakabuda: Haisi mvura chete pakirogiramu yakakosha, asi iyo yakazara kugadzirwa kwepasirese. Mupunga nenzimbe, semuenzaniso, zvinowanza nhanho yazvo nekuda kwekushandisa kwazvo pasi rose.
- Danho rekukura: Zvirimwa zvinonyanya kudiwa mune zvimwe zvikamu, senge midzi kana maruva.
- Mamiriro ekunze uye mwaka: Nzvimbo dzinopisa kana dzakaoma dzinoda kudiridza zvakanyanya, kunyanya muzhizha rakaoma.
- Ivhu mhando uye kunaka: Ivhu rine jecha rinoda mvura yakawanda, asi ivhu revhu rinorichengeta zviri nani.
- Nzira yekudiridza uye kushanda zvakanaka: Drip uye micro-sprinkler irrigation inoshanda zvakanyanya kudarika mafashama kana sprinkler irrigation, izvo zvinounza kurasikirwa kwakawanda nekuda kwekupupuma uye kumhanya.
- Kuwanikwa kwemvura uye kushushikana kwemvura: Zvirimwa zvinorimwa munzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa zvinogona kuderedza goho kana kuwedzera kudyiwa nekuda kwekutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekudiridzira.
High-consumption flagship zvirimwa: Detailed analysis
California maamondi: chiratidzo chemvura yakakwira tsoka
California inogadzira iyo 80% yemaarumondi enyikaAlmond imwe neimwe inoda zvishoma 12 litita emvura, iyo inomiririra kunwa marita akati wandei gore negore. Kudiwa kwaro kwepasi rose uye kudzvanyirirwa kuri kuitwa matunhu akatarisana nekusanaya kwemvura kwaunza makakatanwa pamusoro pekuchengetedza kwemhando yekurima iyi.
Mupunga: wakakosha asi wakawandisa mvura
El Mupunga ndicho chirimwa chechitatu chinonyanyowanda panyika uye chikafu chikuru chevagari vepasi. Inoda mvura yakawanda, zvikuru nokuti inorimwa muminda yakazara nemvura kuitira kudzora sora netwumbuyu, izvo zvinowedzera kubuda.
Nzimbe: mvura uye simba rinokonzera
Chirimwa ichi hachishandiswe pakugadzira shuga yechikafu chete, asiwo biofuels (ethanol)Kudiwa kwayo kwemvura kwakakwira uye kutarisisa munyika dzakaita seBrazil neIndia kunokanganisa zvese zviri zviviri ecosystem uye nharaunda dzekumaruwa.
Avocado: nyaya ine nharo
Kukurumbira kweavocado mukudya kwepasi rose uye kubudirira kwayo mune zvehupfumi kwakawedzera kurimwa kwayo kunyangwe nzvimbo dzine dambudziko remvura, dzakadai seMexico neChile. Kushandiswa kwemvura kunosiyana kubva pa600 kusvika pamusoro pe2.000 litres pakirogiramu, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze uye nzira dzekurima. Munzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze asina mvura, kudzvanywa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura kwakakonzera kukakavara kwezvakatipoteredza nenzanga nekuda kwemakwikwi nemvura inoitirwa vanhu.
Soya bhinzi nedonje: zviyo uye mafiibha ane simba rakawanda remvura
La soybean, kiyi yekudya kwemhuka nekugadzirwa kwebiofuel, inogona kuda anopfuura 1.600 litres/kg. Kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri uye kuwedzera munzvimbo dzakaoma seBrazilian Cerrado inosimbisa pesvedzero yayo pakutenderera kwemvura uye kutemwa kwemasango. cotton Ndicho chirimwa chikuru chemicheka, asiwo chimwe chemvura yakawanda. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwemvura kwakakonzera njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza, dzakadai seAral Sea.
Zvirimwa zveSpanish zvine mvura yakanyanya kudyiwa
MuSpain, nzvimbo yemvura yekurima inotungamirwa nezvirimwa zvinotevera:
- Michero yeCitrus (orenji, tangerines): 6.000 m³/ha
- Mupunga: 11.500 m³/ha
- Muorivhi: 3.000 - 6.000 m³/ha
- Tomato, cucumber, zucchini, pepper: kusvika ku5.000 m³/ha
- Minda yemizambiringa: 3.000 m³/ha
- Peach, cherry: pakati pe4.000 - 4.500 m³/ha
- Broccoli, cauliflower: anenge 3.000 m³/ha
- Strawberry: 2.000 m³/ha
- Hanyanisi: 500 - 1.000 m³/ha
Aya maitiro anogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze, nzira yekudiridza uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakura, asi zvinoratidzira kukosha kwekutarisira mvura zvakanaka mumutauro weSpanish zvekurima.
Mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza nemagariro ekushandiswa kwemvura mukurima
Kuchera mvura yakawandisa kune zvekurima kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakaipa:
- Kuomesa mvura yemvura: Nzizi nemvura yepasi zvinogona kupera, zvichikanganisa mhuka nemaruva uye zvinhu zvevanhu.
- Kutemwa kwemasango uye kuparara kwevhu: Kuwedzerwa kwezvirimwa zvinodya mvura yakawanda kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye kuita gwenga.
- Kunetsana kwemvura: Nharaunda dzemunharaunda, kunyanya dzekumaruwa, dzinogona kudzingwa kana kushaiswa mvura yakachena.
- Dambudziko rekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze: Kukwira kwetembiricha uye kuderera kwemvura kunaya kunowedzera kushushikana kwemvura uye kuwedzera makwikwi ezvekushandisa.
Matanho ekuderedza kushandiswa kwemvura muzvirimwa zvekurima
- Shandisa kudiridza zvakanaka: Nzira dzakadai se kudonha kudiridza kana ma micro-sprinklers anonatsiridza kushandiswa kwemvura uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwemvura.
- Hungwaru kutarisa uye kutonga: Zvishandiso zvakadai semasensa ekunyorova, matensiometers, uye mamita ekuyerera anobvumira kudiridza kuti kuenderane nezvinodiwa chaizvo zvechirimwa nevhu, kudzivirira tsvina.
- Kushandiswa kwemvura inonaya: Kuunganidza uye kuchengetedza masisitimu ekudiridza panguva yakaoma.
- Kutenderedza mbesa uye kusarudzwa kwemhando dzinopesana: Kusarudza mhando kana mhando dzakachinjirwa kusanaya kwemvura kana kuti dzinoda mvura shoma kunobatsira kuderedza kutsika kwemvura.
- Maitiro ekurima anoenderera mberi: Conservation tillage, mulching, uye nzira dzinoderedza kunyungudika kwevhu dzinochengetedza mwando wevhu uye dzinovandudza chimiro chevhu.
- Kuderedza huwandu hwemvura yekudya: Kunwa zvine mutoro uye kuderedza marara echikafu zvinoreva kuderedzwa kusiri kwakananga mukushandiswa kwemvura.
Nzira yekusarudza zvirimwa zvinogara zvichibva pamvura yadzo?
La kusarudzwa kwezvirimwa zvichibva pakushandiswa kwemvura kwakakosha munzvimbo dzisinganaye mvura. Semuenzaniso, mbatatisi, nyemba dzakadai senyemba (inenge 1.250 litres pakg) kana chibage chinoshandiswa pakuchengetedza hutano kune zvimwe zvekudya zvakaita senyama yemombe, izvo zvinogona kudiwa nekugadzirwa kwayo 15.000 litres pakirogiramu.
Basa rakagovaniswa: vatengi, varimi nemitemo yeruzhinji
Izvo hazvisi zve kuita madhimoni zvirimwa nekuda kwekushandisa kwayo mvura zvakanyanya, asi kunzwisisa mamiriro uye kukurudzira mhinduro pamatanho ese:
- Vagadziri: Adopt smart irrigation technologies uye inoenderera mberi yekurima maitiro.
- Vatengi: Wana ruzivo uye sarudza zvigadzirwa zvemuno uye zvemwaka, sarudza chikafu chinodya mvura shoma, uye kuderedza marara.
- Mitemo Kurudzira kushanda kwemvura kuburikidza nerubatsiro, mirau, uye tsvakiridzo uye zvirongwa zvitsva.
Mvura ndiyo mbiru inotsigira kugadzirwa kwechikafu chepasi rose asi, munyika iri kuwedzera kukanganiswa nekushomeka uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, zvakakosha. optimize kushandiswa kwayoZvino zvaunoziva zvavari Zvirimwa zvinoda mvura yakawanda uye kuti zvofambiswa sei nemadiridziro nemazvoUnogona kugovera kubva munharaunda yako—somurimi, mutengi, kana kuti maneja—kuchengetwa kweichi chinhu chinokosha. Kusarudza nzira dzemadiridziro, kusarudza mbesa dzinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, uye kudzivirira kutambisa chikafu ndiwo matanho akakosha ekuona kuti mvura iri kuwanikwa kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.