Mumakore achangopfuura, Kuvapo kwenitrate mumvura yepombi kwave chimwe chezvinetso zvakakomba zvakatipoteredza nehutano hweveruzhinji muSpain.Zvakaita senyaya yehunyanzvi yakachengeterwa mishumo yakasarudzika kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika zvakaonekwa pachena: madhorobha akawanda ari kutarisana nezvirambidzo, yambiro yekushandiswa kwemvura uye kusava nechokwadi nezvekuchengetedzeka kwemvura inosvika kudzimba.
Chinokonzera kunetseka uku kweveruzhinji kwave kuri kuburitswa kwe mepu inodyidzana yakagadzirwa neGreenpeace ichishandisa data repamutemo kubva kuNational Drinking Water Information System (SINAC) kubva kuBazi reHutano. Chishandiso ichi chinobvumira kutarisa, dunhu nedunhu, mamiriro emvura yekunwa maererano nenitrates, uye chinoisa nhamba chaiyo kudambudziko risingachagoni kunzi idambudziko rakasiyana.
Muganho wepamutemo uri kutaurwa nezvawo: kubva pa50 kusvika 6 mg/l yenitrate
Sekunyevera kunoita Greenpeace, Muganho wepamutemo we nitrates mumvura yekunwa muSpain pari zvino i50 mg/lUku ndiko kukosha kunoshandiswa nemitemo kuona kana mvura yakachengeteka kunwiwa. Zvisinei, ongororo yakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura yemabhuku esainzi inoratidza kuti chiyero ichi hachina kukwana pakudzivirira hutano zvakakwana, kunyanya kubva kugomarara remudumbu, iro rinonyanya kuwanikwa munyika.
Vesainzi vava kupa pfungwa yekuti kuderedza kukosha ikoko kusvika pa6 mg/lKureva kuti, yakaderera kapfumbamwe pane muganho uripo parizvino. Chinangwa chitsva ichi ndechekuderedza njodzi inokonzerwa nekusangana kwenguva refu nenitrates, iyo isina ruvara, isina hwema, uye isina kuravira, asi inogona kukanganisa muviri kana ikaungana mumvura yekunwa.
Kuchinja uku kwenzvimbo yekunongedzera hakusi kwekukosha: inoverengazve zvizere mepu yengoziKanzuru inonyatsotevedzera mutemo inogona, panguva imwe chete, kuva pamusoro pedanho iro nyanzvi dzinoti rakachengeteka kwenguva refu. Izvi ndizvo zvinokonzera kunetseka kukuru kuripo uye kusawirirana kuripo pakati pemitemo neuchapupu hwesainzi.
Greenpeace inosimbirira kuti nyaya iyi haisi yepamutemo chete, asiwo yehutano hwevanhu: gadzirisa miganhu zvichienderana neruzivo rwechizvino-zvino Zvinogona kudzivirira zviuru zvezvirwere zvine chekuita nazvo, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine mvura yemupombi ndiyo inonyanya kuunza mvura zuva nezuva.
Mepu yeGreenpeace: mavara ekunzwisisa dambudziko renitrate
Kuti dambudziko guru rinzwisiswe, sangano rezvakatipoteredza rakagadzira mepu inodyidzana inosanganisa data reSINAC nezvinodiwa zvitsva zvesainziPakutanga, nyika ine mavara akasiyana-siyana anoratidza huwandu hwenitrates hunowanikwa mumvura yekunwa yedunhu rega rega.
Kurongwa kunoshandiswa nemepu iyi ndekwekuti: zvikamu zvine nitrate yakawanda:
- girini: madhorobha ane pasi pe6 mg/l, pasi pemuganhu unokurudzirwa nevesainzi.
- Orange: pakati pe6 ne30 mg/l, huwandu huchiri pamutemo asi hwatoonekwa senzvimbo yekutarisa.
- Red: pakati pe30 ne50 mg/l, kukosha kuchiri mukati memuganhu wepamutemo, asi kwakatsanangurwa mumutemo sepfungwa inokosha inotangira pa30 mg/l.
- Nhema: pamusoro pe50 mg/l, kureva kuti, mvura inodarika muganho wepamutemo uye isingafanirwe kushandiswa nevanhu.
- Azul: maguta asina kuyerwa nitrates kana data risina kuziviswa kuSINAC.
Nekunyorwa uku, mepu inoita kuti pave nechokwadi chisingawanzoonekwi: Muna 2024, kwaive nemakanzuru mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemaviri uko mvura yepombi yaisakwanisa kunwiwa pane imwe nguva mugore nekuti muganho wepamutemo we50 mg/l wakadarika.Idzi inzvimbo dzinoita kuti vanhu vadzo vangwarire kana dzasviba.
Kana tikatora chiyero che6 mg/l chinokurudzirwa nesainzi, mufananidzo wacho wakajeka zvikuru. Mumaguta 2.860, danho iri rakaenzana kana kudarika pane imwe nguva muna 2024.Izvi zvinomiririra 51,17% yemaguta eSpain akaongororwa. Nemamwe mashoko, anopfuura hafu yenzvimbo dzine data anoratidza huwandu hwenitrate huri pamusoro pehuwandu hunofungidzirwa nenyanzvi kuti hwakachengeteka.
Panguva imwecheteyo, Maguta 1.893 anoonekwa mubhuruuIzvi zvinoreva kuti nitrates haisi kuyerwa kana kuti mhedzisiro yacho haina kutaurwa. Izvi zvinoita chikamu chimwe muzvina chehuwandu uye zvinomutsa chimwe chinonetsa: kushaikwa kwekujeka uye ruzivo rwakajeka rwekuti vagari vazive chaizvo zviri kubuda mumapombi avo.
Nyaya dzakati wandei: kubva kumaruwa eSpain kusvika kumaguta epakati nepakati
Kusvibiswa kwenitrate hakungogumiri kune rudzi rwakati rweguta. Zvinokanganisa mataundi madiki ekumaruwa nemaguta epakati nepakati.Zvisinei, zvikonzero zvekutanga zvinowanzofanana: kumanikidzwa kwekurima nezvipfuyo pavhu riri pedyo nenzvimbo dzemvura.
Semuenzaniso, mudunhu reAlmerÃa, Mepu yeGreenpeace inoratidza maguta akati wandei uko mvura yepombi yakadarika muganho wepamutemo we50 mg/l muna 2024.Chirivel, LubrÃn, Viator, Turrillas, Purchena naHuércal-Overa zvakaiswa mavara matema, zvichiratidza kuti pane imwe nguva mugore vagari vemo vaisakwanisa kushandisa mvura kubva padandemutande nguva dzose.
Kana chiyero ichi chikadzikiswa kusvika pa6 mg/l inokurudzirwa nesainzi, Maguta akadai seAdra, La Mojonera, Lucainena de las Torres, Turre, Vera, Vélez-Rubio neVélez-Blanco anowedzerwa kune iyo rondedzero.Vese vari kuramba vachitevedzera mitemo, asi ikozvino vari kushanda munzvimbo inotariswa iyo inomutsa kushushikana pamusoro pezvingaitika munguva yepakati nerefu kana huwandu hwevanhu hukaramba huchikwira.
Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chiri kuitika muCampo de Gibraltar, uko Mataundi akaita seSan Roque, Tarifa neJimena de la Frontera ane mwero uri pamusoro pemuganhu wakatarwa nesainzi, kunyange zvazvo achiri mukati memuganhu wepamutemo.Mukupesana, maguta ari pedyo akadai seAlgeciras, La LÃnea, Los Barrios kana Castellar anoramba ari pazasi pe6 mg/l, nepo muSan MartÃn del Tesorillo hapana data rakaburitswa zvachose.
Dambudziko iri harisi rekungogara mumaruwa kana kumataundi madiki chete. Ongororo yakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura pamusoro pemvura yepombi muMataró, pamhenderekedzo yegungwa yeCatalan, inoratidza nzvimbo ine nitrate mazinga e23 mg/l uye kuwedzera kuri pamusoro pe6 mg/l pagoreKunyangwe kambani inopa mvura ichisimbirira kuti mvura iyi yakachengeteka kunwiwa uye ichisimbisa kuti muganho wepamutemo we50 mg/l hauna kupfuurwa chero zvodini, data iri rinoratidza shanduko iyo, kana ikasagadziriswa, inogona kuisa guta padanho repamusoro mumakore mashoma.
Muchiitiko ichi, kiyi iri pamavambo emvura: chikamu chezvinopihwa chinobva mvura dzemumvura dzisina njodzi ne nitratesIzvi zvinoitika kakawanda muSpain. Nzira inowanzo shandiswa inosanganisira kusanganisa mvura iri pasi pevhu nemvura inobva mumichina ine nitrate shoma, yakadai seTer-Llobregat muCatalonia, kuderedza huwandu hwemvura iri pasi pevhu. Zvisinei, mhinduro iyi ine miganhu yayo, kunyanya kana paine kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu, apo kuvimba nematsime emunharaunda kunowedzera.
Hutano hweveruzhinji: nei nitrates mumvura iri nyaya inonetsa
Nhaurirano pamusoro pema nitrate mumvura yekunwa haisi yehunyanzvi chete. Zvinobatanidzwa zvakananga nemigumisiro inogona kuitika pahutano kana munhu achizobatwa nechirwere ichi kwenguva refu.Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvesainzi zvakabatanidza huwandu hwakawanda hwenitrate nenjodzi yakawedzera yekubatwa nezvimwe zvirwere, kusanganisira kenza yemudumbu, imwe yekenza inowanzoonekwa muSpain.
Kunyangwe mvura ine nitrate iri pasi pe50 mg/l ichionekwa seyakakodzera pamutemo, Kune vanhu vari kuramba vachibvunza kana chiyero ichi chichipa dziviriro yakakwana Izvi zvakasiyana nezvirwere zvinokura nekufamba kwemakore. Nokudaro, vesainzi vari kutotaura nezve 6 mg/l senzira yakakodzera yekuderedza njodzi, kunyanya mumapoka evanhu vasina dziviriro.
MaNitrate anogonawo kushandurwa kuita maNitrites neN-nitrous compounds mumuviri, zvinhu zvine simba rekugadzira kenza. Dambudziko harina kujeka nekuti mvura haichinji mukuravira, kunhuhwirira, kana ruvara.Saka, vagari vemo havana nzira yekuona kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu vasina kushandisa ongororo chaiyo kana ruzivo rwakapihwa nehurumende.
Masangano akaita seGreenpeace anosimbirira kuti, kupfuura miganhu yepamutemo, Zvakakosha kutarisa mafambiro enyaya uye kudzivirira kuti kuwanda kwezvinhu kusarambe kuchikwira.Muenzaniso weMataró, ine nzvimbo yekugovera mvura inowedzera gore negore, kana kuti yemaguta akawanda ayo asvika pa50 mg/l zvishoma nezvishoma, unoratidza kukosha kwekuita zvinhu usati wasvika mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mvura isingachagoni kunzi inonwiwa.
Panguva imwe chete, vakuru vezvehutano vanoyeuchidza munhu wese kuti Ruzivo rwepamutemo rwunowanikwa, kunyange hazvo zvisiri nyore kuwana nguva dzose.SINAC pachayo inounganidza mhedzisiro yezviuru zveongororo mudhatabhesi hombe, asi vanhu vazhinji vanoona zvichivaomera kuwana ruzivo rwakajeka uye rwechizvino-zvino nezvemadhorobha avo, izvo zvinosimbisa basa rezvishandiso zvakaita semepu yeGreenpeace.
Kwakabva nitrates: kurima kwakasimba uye kurima zvipfuyo zvemaindasitiri
Kana tichitarisa kumusoro, chikonzero chikuru chinoonekwa kakawanda mumishumo yese. Kusvibiswa kwemvura kunokonzerwa nenitrate kunonyanya kubva mukushandiswa zvakanyanya kwefetereza dzekugadzira mukurima kwakanyanya uye huwandu hwakawanda hwetsvina inogadzirwa nekurima zvipfuyo zvemaindasitiri nemapurazi emafekitori..
Kana mafetiraiza ane nitrogen akashandiswa zvakanyanya kana kuti zvisina kunaka, Nitrogen isingashandiswe nezvirimwa inozopedzisira yapinda mumvura kana kuti yatakurirwa nemvura kuenda kunzizi nematangi emvura.Kune dzimwe nzira dzakadai se: biofertigation kuderedza kurasikirwa ikoko. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune manyowa netsvina inobva mumapurazi ezvipfuyo akawanda, izvo, kana zvikasatarisirwa zvakanaka, zvinogona kunyorovesa ivhu zvozopedzisira zvasvibisa mvura yepasi pevhu.
Padanho reEurope, fungidziro dzinoratidza kuti Inenge 81% yenitrogen yekurima inosvika mumvura inobva zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga mukurima kwezvipfuyo.Munyaya yeSpain, kukura kwakasimba kwechikamu chenguruve mumakumi emakore achangopfuura kwakonzera kuwanda kwemarara anoda kutarisirwa, uye izvi hazviwanzoitwa nekudzora kwakakwana; mhinduro dzakadai se fetereza yakatenderera Vari kuedza kugadzirisa chikamu chedambudziko iroro.
Dambudziko rakataurwa nemapoka ezvakatipoteredza rakajeka: Spain inoburitsa nyama yakawanda yainogadzira kunze kwenyika, asi kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nemaitiro aya ekudya kunoenderera mberi munyika.zvichikanganisa matsime emvura, nzizi, madhamu emvura uye, pakupedzisira, mvura yepombi yezviuru zvevanhu.
Bazi reKuchinja Kwezvakatipoteredza neDemographic Challenge rakatobvuma zviri pamutemo kuti Dambudziko guru riri kukanganisa mvura muSpain ndekusvibiswa kwenitrate.Kukosha kwemamiriro ezvinhu kwakaratidzwa zvakare mukutsoropodzwa kweDare reJustice reEuropean Union vachipomera Spain mhosva yekukundikana kutevedzera Nitrates Directive, vachifunga kuti matanho akatorwa ekudzivirira nekuderedza kusvibiswa uku kwakapararira kwezvirimwa haana kukwana.
Zvishandiso zvevagari vemo nematambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika ekuderedza kusvibiswa
Muchirevo ichi, Kumanikidzwa kwevanhu uye kutora chikamu kwevagari kwave kuri kukoshaKuwedzera kune mepu inodyidzana yakagadzirwa neGreenpeace, Citizen Network for Monitoring Nitrates yave ichishanda kubvira muna 2021, chirongwa chinounganidza zviyero zvinoitwa nevazvipiri nemapoka emunharaunda kuti zviwedzere ruzivo rwepamutemo.
Zvirongwa izvi zvinozadzisa zvinangwa zviviri: kune rumwe rutivi, kupa vanhu ruzivo runonzwisisika nezvehunhu hwemvura yavanonwaKune rumwe rutivi, kukurudzira hurumende kuti dzitore matanho akasimba panobva zvinhu, dzichiita maererano netsika dzekurima nedzezvipfuyo dziri kukonzera kusvibiswa kwevhu.
Greenpeace, kune rumwe rutivi, inoti, Yakatanga chirongwa chekukumbira kuti mapurazi emafekitori apere uye kuti pave nekurima zvipfuyo kwakasimba uye kusingakuvadzi mvura.Sangano iri rinoti vanhu vanodarika 500.000 vakatounganidzwa, zvichiratidza kufarira kuri kukura mukubatana kuripo pakati pechikafu, nzvimbo, uye hutano hwezvakatipoteredza.
Kubva pamaonero ehunyanzvi, zvinosimbiswa kuti Mhinduro haisi yekungovandudza nzvimbo dzekuchenesa mvura cheteasi nekuderedza huwandu hwenitrate hunosvika munzizi nemumatsime emvura kuburikidza ne manejimendi ekudiridza anoshanda zvakanyanyaKushanda chete pakupera kwepombi kunogona kudhura zvikuru uye, zvakare, hakugadzirise kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza pamitumbi yemvura.
Zvichakadaro, gakava rezvematongerwo enyika riri kutarisa Maitiro ekubatanidza kurima nezvipfuyo nekuchengetedzwa kwezviwanikwa zvemvuraNzvimbo dzakanzi dzine njodzi yekubatwa nenitrate dzave dzichiwedzera, asi shanduko mumhando dzekugadzira dziri kufambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma. Dambudziko riripo pakuwana chiyero chaicho pakati pekugadzirwa kwechikafu, kutengeswa kunze kwenyika, mabasa ekumaruwa, uye kodzero yekuwana mvura yakachena uye yakachengeteka.
Saka, mufananidzo wakanyorwa nedata ra2024 unokwezva: Mazana emaguta akadarika muganho wepamutemo pane imwe nguva, anopfuura hafu akadarika mwero unokurudzirwa nesainzi, uye muchikamu chimwe chete muzvina hapana kana ruzivo rweveruzhinji rwunowanikwa nezve nitrates.Muchiitiko ichi, zvishandiso zvekuona zvakaita seGreenpeace map, network dzekutarisa vagari, uye kumanikidzwa kwevanhu zvave kubatsira zvikuru mukukurudzira mhinduro dzinokurumidza uye dzine chinangwa.
Zvinoratidzwa nemamepu nezvidzidzo izvi nhasi ndezvekuti dambudziko renitrate mumvura ratovapo, zvakanyanya muSpain, uye kuti Zvichaitika mumakore anotevera zvinoenderana nekukwanisa kwevanhu vose kuderedza kusvibiswa kubva kwacho, kugadzirisa miganhu yepamutemo kuti iratidze humbowo hwesainzi, uye kuona kuti munhu wese anogona kuvhura pombi nerugare rwepfungwa rwekuziva zvavari kunwa..