La kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzinogara kwenguva refu panzvimbo pemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene Iri ndiro rimwe rematambudziko makuru ari kusangana nekurima kwemazuva ano. Makore akawanda ekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene akatibvumira kupa chikafu vanhu vari kuramba vachikura pasi rose, asi akasiyawo chiratidzo chinonetsa pamvura, zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye hutano hwevanhu. Nokudaro, chero tekinoroji inoderedza kuvimba kwedu nezvinhu izvi uku tichichengetedza goho rezvirimwa inoonekwa nekufarira kukuru.
Muchirevo ichocho, kudzora zvipembenene uchishandisa vibrations uye ultrasound Yachinja kubva pakuva chinhu chinonakidza chesainzi kusvika pakuva chishandiso chaicho mukati mekutonga zvipembenene zvakabatana. Kubva pamidziyo inotevedzera masaini ekudengenyeka anoshandiswa nezvipembenene kubereka kusvika kune maemitter e ultrasonic anotevedzera kuvapo kwezvikara, tsvakiridzo ichangobva kuitwa iri kuratidza kuti zvinokwanisika "kutaura mutauro" wezvipembenene kuti zvikwezve, zvivhiringidze, kana kuti zvidzinge, zvese pasina kupfapfaidza munda nemakemikari.
Nei kurima kuri kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene
La Kurima kwemazuva ano kwakasimba kunonyanya kurwisa zvakatipoteredzaIzvi zvinodaro nekuti zvakavakirwa pakusarudza mhando imwe chete inorimwa pane chero inokwikwidza: sora, zvipembenene, howa, kana mhuka diki dzinoyamwisa. Nekushandisa michina uye kudiwa kwekugadzira zvakawanda pahekita, mhinduro yekukurumidza yaive mishonga yezvipembenene, iyo kwemakumi emakore yave iri vatsigiri vakakosha mukuona kuti goho riripo.
Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwakapararira kwezvinhu izvi kwakaita kuti matambudziko akakomba ezvakatipoteredza nehutanoKusvibiswa kwemvura inoyerera mumvura, kukuvara kwemhuka dzisiri dzerudzi rwemhuka (kusanganisira dzinofudza mhuka dzakadai senyuchi nenyuchi), kubuda kwekusagona kudzivirira zvipembenene, uye njodzi dzehutano kune vanhu vari munjodzi. Ibakatwa rekare rine mativi maviri: rinobatsira kugadzira chikafu, asi panguva imwe chete, rinogona kutikuvadza.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akatungamira kukura kwe mhinduro dzezvebhayoloji zvakaita semafetereza emhuka uye mishonga yekuuraya zvipembeneneNzira idzi dzakavakirwa patupukanana kana tupukanana tunobatsira tunokwikwidzana kana kurwisa tupukanana. Kunyangwe zvichiratidza kufambira mberi kukuru, hazvigone kutsiva zvachose makemikari ekurima pasina kurasikirwa nekushanda, kunyanya muzvirongwa zvine simba rakawanda.
Saka kufarira nzira itsva dzakadai se kudzora zvipembenene mumuviri kana maitiro avo kuburikidza nekudederaizvo zvinobvumira kukanganisa kutaurirana kwezvipembenene kana kutevedzera kuvapo kwezvikara, zvichideredza kukuvara pasina kusiya zvasara zvine chepfu munharaunda.
Basa rekudengenyeka uye ultrasound mukutaurirana kwezvipembenene
Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvekurima zvinoshandisa kudedera uye zviratidzo zveacoustic kuti vazvitarise, vawane shamwari, kana kuona mhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka. Mamwe marudzi anotaurirana kuburikidza nekudengenyeka kunoparadzirwa nemiti (kuburikidza nemadzinde nemashizha), nepo mamwe achishandisa ultrasound inoburitswa mumhepo, isinganzwikwe nevanhu asi inozivikanwa zvakakwana nedzimwe mhuka.
Munyaya ye tupukanana tunosveta zviyoZvipembenene zvakakosha zvesoya, chibage, gorosi, nebhinzi zvakaratidzwa kuti zvinosanganisa maitiro maviri: padaro refu, kusvika pamamita angangoita zana, zvinoshandisa pheromones kuti vakwezve vadyidzani vanogona kuva navo. Pavanosvika pedyo, vanochinja chiteshi votanga kutepfenyura zviratidzo zvinodedera kuburikidza nechirimwa kuratidza nzvimbo yacho chaiyo, meseji inenge yakaita sekuti "Ndiri pano, uyai kwandiri".
Kudengenyeka uku kunofamba nemuviri wechirimwa, izvo zvinoita sechokwadi "tambo" yechisikigo inotumira chiratidzoChinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti vakadzi vakawanda pamwe chete nevamwe varume vanogona kupindura chiratidzo chimwe chete, saka "hurukuro inodedera" mutsika inogona kuoma.
Mune zvimwe zvipembenene, zvakaita se nocturnal moths dzerudzi SpodopteraUltrasound inoita basa guru. Mashavishavi aya anowanzobatwa nemabhururu, ayo anowana mabhururu acho nekuda kwe ultrasound echolocation. Iwo, zvakare, akagadzira mhinduro dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogona kuvhiringidza manzwi ezviremwaremwa kana kuti vabatsire kuona kuti varipo panguva yekuti vatize. Nemamwe mashoko, kune "hondo yeacoustic" chaiyo mudenga rehusiku.
Kunzwisisa nzira idzi dzekutaurirana kwakabvumira vaongorori kupa pfungwa ine simba zvikuru: Kana tikaziva zvinonzwikwa nezvipembenene uye kuti zvinotaurirana seiTinogona kugadzira michina inotevedzera, inochinja, kana kuvharira zviratidzo izvozvo kuti tizvishandise kuti zvitibatsire.
Mudziyo wekuBrazil unoshandisa micro-vibrations kukwezva tsikidzi
Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushamisa dzekudzivirira zvipembenene uchishandisa vibration inobva kuBrazil, uko timu kubva ku Kambani yeKutsvagurudza Zvekurima yeBrazil (Embrapa) uye State University of Mato Grosso vakagadzira mudziyo wemagetsi unokwanisa kuburitsa zviratidzo zvinodedera zvinoshandiswa nezvipembenene zvinosveta zviyo padanho razvo rekubereka.
Tekinoroji iyi yakavakirwa pamakore ekucherechedza maitiro ekubereka ezvipembenene izviMasayendisiti akaongorora mafrequency chaiwo ekutinhira kwavanoburitsa pavanenge vachitsvaga shamwari uye vakakwanisa kurekodha, kuchengeta, uye kuaburitsa nenzira yakadzorwa neprototype yemagetsi inonamira pamisungo iri mumunda.
Misungo iyi inosanganisa mhando mbiri dzechirauro: synthetic pheromonesizvo zvinoshanda zviri kure kuti zvikwezve tsikidzi ne "kunhuhwirira", uye mudziyo mudiki unodedera unotevedzera zviratidzo zvekudedera zvakanyatsojeka Izvi zvinoonekwa nezvipembenene se "kudanana kwemhuka." Mugumisiro wacho imhando ye "chiratidzo chenhema" chinoita kuti zvipembenene zvirambe zviri mumusungo pachinzvimbo chekuzviparadzira muzvirimwa zvese.
Sekureva kwenyanzvi yezvebhayoloji Raúl Alberto Laumann, kubva kuLaboratory of Semiochemicals of Genetic Resources and Biotechnology kuEmbrapa, kushandiswa kwakabatana kwe kudedera nemapheromones Hazvingobvumiri chete kubata zvipembenene pamubhedha, asiwo kuwana ruzivo rwakanyatsojeka pamusoro pekuwanda uye kupararira kwezvipembenene munzvimbo yacho.
Mumiedzo yemumunda iri kuitwa parizvino, misungo ine mudziyo inoiswa paavhareji mahekita mashanu ega egaZvadaro, zvipembenene zvinobatwa panzvimbo imwe neimwe zvinoverengwa, uye mamodheru emasvomhu anoshandiswa kufungidzira huwandu chaihwo hwezvipembenene muzvirimwa zvese. Maitiro aya anoita kuti misungo inodedera ive chishandiso chekutarisa zvakanaka, chinhu chikuru pakusarudza kuti wopindira riini uye sei.
Zvakanakira uye mukana wekudzivirira zvipembenene pamubhedha nekudedera
Zvikwekwe zvepamubhedha nemakonye zvipembenene zviviri zvinokuvadza zvikuru musoya nezvimwe zvirimwa zvezviyo. Kunyange zvazvo zvirimwa zvinochinja majini netupukanana tunokonzera zvipembenene zvichishandiswa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kudzora makonye, kutonga tupukanana tunonhuwa kuchiri kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene ine makemikari. Nokudaro, kuwana dzimwe nzira dzisina simba uye dzakachengeteka kune zvakatipoteredza nehutano hwevanhu idambudziko guru.
Chishandiso chinodedera cheBrazil chinonongedzera zvakananga ikoko. Chinokwezva zvikuru ndechekuti chinogona kuva Imwe nzira chaiyo yekurapa zvipembenene zvechinyakarekana kuti kuderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwadzo nekuzviisa muzvirongwa zvekuchengetedza zvipembenene zvakabatana. Misungo iyi yaizoshanda pakutarisa nekuderedza huwandu hwezvipembenene zvepamubhedha kusvika padanho riri pasi pemuganhu wekukuvadzwa kwehupfumi.
Uyezve, i tekinoroji yakanyatsonanga kune zvipembenene zvinotarirwaKusiyana nemushonga wezvipembenene une spectrum yakakura, uyo unogona zvakare kuparadza zvipembenene zvinobatsira zvakaita sezvikara zvechisikigo kana zvinoparadzira pollinator, kudedera nemapheromones zvinongonangidzirwa kune zvipembenene zvinosveta zviyo zvinoziva zviratidzo izvi. Izvi zvinoderedza kukanganisa zvipembenene zvinobatsira.
Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekutanga yakaburitswa nechikwata cheEmbrapa, kushandiswa pamwe chete kwemapheromones ekugadzira uye kutenderera kwakabvumira zvinoderedza pachena kuvapo kwezvipembenene pamubhedha muminda yemiedzo, uye zvese izvi pasina kukanganisa mashandiro ezvipembenene zvinobatsira zvakaita senyuchi kana nyuchi. Muchiitiko apo FAO inofungidzira kuti zvipembenene zvinogona kukonzera kudzikira kwe40% mukugadzirwa kwekurima pasi rose, chero kufambira mberi kupi zvako munzvimbo iyi kune kukanganisa kukuru kwehupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza.
Patent ye tekinoroji iyi yakaendeswa kuBrazilian National Institute of Industrial Property pakupera kwegore ra2023 uye, parizvino, Hazvisati zvave kutengeswaVaongorori vari kutsvaga vashandi pamwe chete mumaindasitiri, kunyanya makambani akazvipira mukugadzira misungo inongoerekana yashandiswa, nechinangwa chekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye kuunza michina iyi kumusika wekurima.
Matambudziko ekushandisa microvibrations pamwero mukuru
Pasinei nemufaro wakakonzerwa nekuvandudzwa uku, pane zvimwe zvinonetsa zvakaratidzwawo kusava nechokwadi kwakakodzera pamusoro pekuti inogona kushanda zvakanaka seiNyanzvi yezvipembenene José Maurício Simões Bento, nyanzvi yezvemakemikari ecology uye maitiro ezvipembenene paYunivhesiti yeSão Paulo, anokoshesa zvikuru basa raEmbrapa, kunyanya kuzivikanwa kwakarurama kwemafungu ekudengenyeka anoshandiswa nezvipembenene.
Zvisinei, Simões anotaura kuti chinhu chikuru chisingazivikanwe ndicho Maitiro ekuita izvi muminda inofukidza mazana ezviuru zvemahekitaIzvi ndizvo zvinoitika nesoyabhinzi muBrazil, uko mahekita anopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu anorimwa. Kuisa michina panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kunogona kudhura uye kuoma kwezvekushandisa, uye chiyero chakanaka pakati pemutengo wetekinoroji nekuderedza kukuvara hachisati chajeka.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chehunyanzvi ndechekuti Kutaurirana kwezvipembenene pamubhedha kunoitika kuburikidza nemutikwete zvakananga mumhepo. Kuti chiratidzo chitumirwe zvinobudirira, mudziyo unofanirwa yakabatana nechirimwa kana chimiro chinoita kuti kudedera kupararire mumiti yese. Izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakaita sekuti: Zvakakwana here kuisa mudziyo mumwe chete pamusungo? Unofanira here kusungirirwa pamuti chaiwo? Kupararira kunochinja sei zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvirimwa?
Laumann nechikwata chake vanokurudzira kugadzirisa mamwe ematambudziko aya kuburikidza ne kushandiswa kwemamodheru emasvomhu izvo zvinobatanidza kubata kwemusungo nehuwandu chaihwo hwezvipembenene, nokudaro zvichidzivirira kudiwa kwekufukidza chirimwa chimwe nechimwe nemudziyo. Uyezve, vanokurudzira kubatanidza tekinoroji iyi nedzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira zvipenyu, dzakadai sekushandisa zvirwere zvinotapukira mazai ehuku yemubhedha, izvo zvinodya uye zvinokura mukati memazai ezvipembenene, zvichideredza huwandu hwazvo zvakanyanya.
Kana kufambira mberi kwakaitwa mukuita kuti kuverengwa kwezvipembenene zvakabatwa kuitwe otomatiki, chimwe chinhu chiri kushandiswawo, misungo inodedera inogona kushandurwa kuita chishandiso chikuru mukati mekutarisira zvipembenene zvakabatanakuzivisa murimi panguva chaiyo nezvehuwandu hwezvipembenene pamubhedha munzvimbo yega yega yepurazi, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kusarudza nzira dzekudzora zvipembenene nenzira chaiyo uye nenguva.
Midziyo yeUltrasound yekudzinga zvipfukuto nezvimwe zvipembenene zvinobhururuka
Kupfuura kudedera kunotumirwa nemiti, imwe nzvimbo inoshanda zvikuru yekutsvagisa ndiyo kushandisa ultrasound kudzivirira zvipembenene zvinokuvadzaOngororo ichangobva kuburitswa mujenari reProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) nechikwata cheJapan yakaratidza mhedzisiro inovimbisa zvikuru kurwisa zvipfukuto zverudzi rweSpodoptera, zvipembenene zvikuru muzvirimwa zvakaita semastrawberry, hanyanisi, madomasi nemimwe miriwo yakawanda.
Vachitungamirirwa nemuongorori Ryo Nakano, wekuNagoya University, miedzo yakaitwa mu minda nedzimba dzegirinhi dzemastrawberry nehanyanisi uko kwaiiswa michina ye ultrasonic inoburitsa ruzha yakaita se cylindrical, inokwanisa kuburitsa ruzha mumadhigirii 360. Midziyo iyi yaitevedzera ultrasound inoburitswa nemakonzo, zvikara zvechisikigo zvezvipfukuto zveusiku.
Masayendisiti akatarisa pakugadzirisa zvinhu nemazvo nguva, kuwanda uye simba rezviratidzo zve ultrasonic kuti zvibudirire zvakanyanya pakudzora. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti, apo michina iyi yakavhurwa kubva manheru kusvika mambakwedza (nguva yekushanda kwezvipfukuto izvi), kubhururuka kwezvipfukuto izvi kwakadzikira zvakanyanya, uye pamusoro pezvose, kubhururuka kwazvo mazai ari kuisirwa pazvirimwa.
Izvi zvakakosha nekuti mhando dzakawanda dzinoita se Spodoptera littoralis (donati nhema) kana Spodoptera exigua (donati yegirini kana kuti gonye rehondo) Dzinokonzera kukuvara kukuru panguva yekubereka matumbu. Kudzivirira matumbu echikadzi kuti asaise mazai awo muzvirimwa kunobvisa dambudziko iri, zvichideredza zvakanyanya huwandu hwematumbu anodya mashizha nemichero.
Nyanzvi yezvipembenene Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Purofesa weZoology paYunivhesiti yeBalearic Islands, anotenda kuti nzira iyi yave hwaro hwakasimba hwesainziIzvi zvinodaro nekuti zvinoshandisa mutauro unoshanda nemanzwi (ultrasound) unoshandiswa nemashavishavi aya kutaurirana nezvikara zvawo. Anotenda kuti rudzi urwu rwetekinoroji runogona kuva nzira itsva yekudzora mukati mehurongwa hwakabatana hwekuchengetedza zvipembenene.
Kusakwanisa kushandisa ultrasound pakurwisa zvimwe zvipembenene zvakajairika
Kunyangwe mhedzisiro yezvipembenene zverudzi rweSpodoptera ichivimbisa zvikuru, nyanzvi dzinobvumirana kuti Kushanda kwe ultrasound hakugone kunzwisiswa kune chero zvipembenene.Rudzi rumwe nerumwe rune ruzivo rwarwo rwezvinhu zvinonzwa, uye harushandisirwe simba remagetsi kana ultrasound kuti rwutaure kana kuona njodzi.
Muenzaniso wakajeka ndewe nhunzi yemuchero (Ceratitis capitata)Chipembenene chinoruma chimwe chezvipembenene zvikuru zvinokanganisa miti yemichero pasi rose. Sekureva kwenyanzvi, chipembenene ichi hachishandisi ultrasound senzira huru yekutaurirana, izvo zvinoomesa zvikuru kuwana frequency uye "acoustic message" ichaita kuti chidzinge kana kutiza. Pasina hwaro uhwu hwezvehupenyu, kugadzira sisitimu yeruzha inoshanda zvechokwadi hazvigoneke.
Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoitikawo nezvipembenene zvemumba zvakaita se maprojeKune michina iri pamusika inoti inodzinga mapete ichishandisa ultrasound. Zvisinei, vaongorori vakaita saMiranda Chueca vanoti zvigadzirwa izvi hazvina zvazvinobatsira pakugadzirwa kwemasero nekuti mapete haashandisi zviratidzo izvi nenzira inobvumira kuramba achidzoserwa.
Munyaya ye mosquitosDzidziso iyi ine hwaro hwakati wandei, sezvo vachishandisa manzwi mumaitiro avo ekubereka (semuenzaniso, kurira kwemapapiro avo kuti vakwezve hadzi). Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zviripo zvinoratidza kuti kuburitsa manzwi iwayo Hazvina mushonga unodzinga zviri pachenaUye kusvika pari zvino, hapana maitiro e ultrasound akawanikwa anogona kuramba achidzibvisa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.
Imwe nzvimbo yakaedzwa ultrasound ndeye rodent control zvakaita semakonzo, mbeva, kana kuti mavoles, kunyanya panguva dzezvirwere zvakanyanya zvekurima. Tinoziva kuti mhuka idzi dzinogona kutaurirana dzichishandisa manzwi akanyanya, semuenzaniso, pakudanana kana kudzivirira nzvimbo, uye izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwemidziyo inonzi inodzinga mhuka. Zvisinei, humbowo hwesainzi hunoratidza kuti mhedzisiro yacho ndeyenguva pfupiRuzha rutsva runogona kutyisa pakutanga, asi nekufamba kwenguva mhuka dzinowanzojaira, sezvinongoitikawo kwatiri vanhu vane ruzha runogara ruchinetsa.
Kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye "kusvibiswa kweruzha" mumaruwa
Imwe nyaya isingakwanise kufuratirwa ndeye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunogona kuvapo nekubudisa kwe ultrasound uye kudedera kwekugadzira mune zvekurima. Kunyangwe chinangwa chingave chekungodzinga kana kukwezva zvipembenene, chokwadi ndechekuti zvimwe zvipenyu zvakawanda zvine nharaunda iyoyo uye zvinogona kukanganiswa nezviratidzo izvi.
Vanyori veongororo yechiJapan muPNAS pachavo vanobvuma kuti kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwemidziyo iyi kunogona kugadzira imwe nzira "Kusvibiswa kweruzha" kune mamwe marudziKunyange zvazvo ultrasound isinganzwikwe nevanhu, inonzwika kumhuka dzakawanda, uye inogona kukanganisa kutaurirana kwavo kana maitiro avo kana ikasashandiswa nenzira yakarongeka.
Semuenzaniso, kutevedzera kunoenderera mberi kweultrasound yezviremwaremwa zvakagadzirirwa kutyisidzira zvipembenene kunogona inokanganisawo mamwe mashavishavi asingakuvadzi ehusiku kana zvipembenene zviri chikamu chekudya kweshiri kana zvimwe zvinodya dzimwe mhuka. Nekuchinja maitiro emhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka, nharaunda yese inogona kuchinjwa zvisina kunanga. chain chain izvo zvatove zvakaoma zvikuru muhurongwa hwekurima hwakasimba.
Munzvimbo ine vanhu vakaita sekurima, chero kupindira kupi zvako, zvisinei nekuti kwakanangwa zvakanaka sei, kwave migumisiro munharaundaSaka, vasati vatanga kushandisa mishonga mikuru yakavakirwa pakudengenyeka kana ultrasound, nyanzvi dzezvipembenene dzinosimbisa kuti pave nekudiwa kwekudzidza zviri nani migumisiro iyi inogona kuitika uye kuongorora kana ichigamuchirwa kana ichienzaniswa nekukuvadzwa kwacho kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa.
Chinokosha ndechekuwana kuenzana pakati pekushanda zvakanaka uye kuremekedza zvakatipoteredza: Shandisa zviratidzo zvishoma zvinodiwa, panguva nenzvimbo chaidzo, uye sanganisa zvishandiso izvi nedzimwe nzira (kudzora zvipenyu, kutarisira nzvimbo dzekugara, mhando dzinotsungirira zvipembenene, nezvimwewo) kuderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari pasina kukonzera matambudziko matsva asingaoneki.
Pakupedzisira, kudzora zvipembenene uchishandisa vibrations uye ultrasound kuri kutanga kushandiswa senzira yekudzivirira zvipembenene. munda une simba kwazvo wekuvandudza zvinhu zvitsva Mukurima kunochengetedza nharaunda, misungo inodedera yezvipembenene zvechibage, inokwanisa kuzvikwezva kuburikidza nemapheromones akaburitswa nemagetsi uye micro-vibrations, inovhura mukana wekudzora zvakanangana zvisinganyanyi kutsamira pamishonga yezvipembenene. Panguva iyi, michina inoburitsa ma ultrasonic inofemerwa nemapopoma inoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika "kunyengera" zvipfukuto zvakaita seSpodoptera uye kuderedza zvakanyanya kuisa mazai azvo. Kunyange hazvo matambudziko achiripo maererano nekukwanisa kukura, mutengo, zvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana zvemarudzi, uye mhedzisiro inogona kuitika kune zvimwe zvipenyu, zviratidzo zvese zvinoratidza kuti matekinoroji aya achabatanidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma muzvirongwa zvekuchengetedza zvipembenene zvakabatana, zvichipa varimi chimwe chishandiso chekuchengetedza zvirimwa zvavo pasina kukuvadza nharaunda kana kukanganisa hutano hweavo vanoshanda uye vanovimba nenyika.
